1572 Results for: "ph buffer solutions"

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb reacts with a 58kDa protein identified as vimentin. It shows no cross-reaction with other closely related intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) such as desmin, keratin, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acid protein. Anti-vimentin alone is of limited value as a diagnostic tool; however, when used in panels with other antibodies, it is useful for the sub-classification of a given tumor. Expression of vimentin, when used in conjunction with anti-keratin, is helpful when distinguishing melanomas from undifferentiated carcinomas and large cell lymphomas. All melanomas and Schwannomas react strongly with anti-vimentin. It labels a variety of mesenchymal cells, including melanocytes, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Non-reactivity of anti-vimentin is often considered more useful than its positive reactivity, since there are a few tumors that do not contain vimentin, e.g. hepatoma and seminoma. Anti-vimentin is also useful as a tissue process control reagent.

Supplier: Prosci

Thyroglobulin is a 660kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites, detected at ~300kDa in western blot. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin antibody even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently thyroglobulin antibody negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Thyroglobulin antibody, combined with calcitonin antibody, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, thyroglobulin antibody, combined with TTF1 antibody, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody is specific for a 53kDa protein, which is identified as p53 suppressor gene product. It reacts with the mutant as well as the wild form of p53 under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. The antibody epitope maps within the N-terminus (aa 20-25) of p53 oncoprotein. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene expressed in a wide variety of tissue types and is involved in regulating cell growth, replication, and apoptosis. It binds to MDM2, SV40 T antigen and human papilloma virus E6 protein. Positive nuclear staining with p53 antibody has been reported to be a negative prognostic factor in breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colorectal, and urothelial carcinoma. antibody to p53 positivity has also been used to differentiate uterine serous carcinoma from endometrioid carcinoma as well as to detect intratubular germ cell neoplasia. Mutations involving p53 are found in a wide variety of malignant tumors, including breast, ovarian, bladder, colon, lung, and melanoma.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes proteins of 80-200kDa, identified as different members of the CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) family. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut and is re-expressed in increased amounts in intestinal carcinomas and several other tumors. This antibody does not react with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The antibody shows no reaction with a variety of normal tissues and is suitable for staining of formalin/paraffin tissues. CEA is not found in benign glands, stroma, or malignant prostatic cells. antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA+) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA+). CEA antibody positivity is seen in adenocarcinomas from the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, gallbadder, urachus, salivary gland, ovary, and endocervix.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSFs, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF s share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a 67kDa transmembrane protein, which is identified as CD5. The CD5 antigen is found on 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, the main reactivity is observed in T cell areas. Anti-CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that also reacts with a range of neoplastic B-cells, e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and a subset (~10%) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CD5 aberrant expression is useful in making a diagnosis of mature T-cell neoplasms. Anti-CD5 detection is diagnostic in CLL/SLL within a panel of other B-cell markers, especially one that includes anti-CD23. Anti-CD5 is also very useful in differentiating among mature small lymphoid cell malignancies. In addition, anti-CD5 can be used in distinguishing thymic carcinoma (+) from thymoma (-). Anti-CD5 does not react with granulocytes or monocytes.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes an intra-cytoplasmic marker antigen which shows a very high degree of specificity for plasma cells. This marker protein is present in normal as well as neoplastic plasma cells. Plasma cells, which are large lymphocytes derived from an antigen-specific B cell, secrete antibodies and are responsible for humoral immunity. Plasma cells differentiate from B cells upon stimulation by CD4+ lymphocytes. The B cell acts as an antigen-presenting cell (APC), consuming an offending pathogen, which is taken up by the B cell by phagocytosis and broken down within proteosomes. Plasma cells contain basophilic cytoplasm; their nucleus contains heterochromatin organized in a characteristic cartwheel arrangement. This marker antibody superbly recognizes normal and neoplastic plasma cells in routine formalin/paraffin tissue sections. It is of potential value in identifying myeloma or plasmacytoma in bone marrow or other tissues. It also helps differentiate lympho-plasmacytoid lymphoma from lymphocytic and follicular lymphoma. Note that this plasma cell marker antibody is not suitable for staining frozen tissues.

Supplier: Prosci

A disulphide-linked heterodimer, consisting of mb-1 (or CD79a) and B29 (or CD79b) polypeptides, is non-covalently associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulins on B cells. This complex of mb-1 and B29 polypeptides and immunoglobulin constitute the B cell Ag receptor. CD79a first appears at pre B cell stage, early in maturation, and persists until the plasma cell stage where it is found as an intracellular component. CD79a is found in the majority of acute leukemias of precursor B cell type, in B cell lines, B cell lymphomas, and in some myelomas. It is not present in myeloid or T cell lines. Anti-CD79a is generally used to complement anti-CD20 especially for mature B-cell lymphomas after treatment with RituximAb (anti-CD20). This antibody will stain many of the same lymphomas as anti-CD20, but also is more likely to stain B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia than is anti-CD20. Anti-CD79a also stains more cases of plasma cell myeloma and occasionally some types of endothelial cells as well.

Supplier: Prosci

Pax genes contain paired domains with strong homology to genes in Drosophila, which are involved in programming early development. Lesions in the Pax-6 gene account for most cases of aniridia, a congenital malformation of the eye, chiefly characterized by iris hypoplasia, which can cause blindness. Pax-6 is involved in other anterior segment malformations besides aniridia, such as Peters anomaly, a major error in the embryonic development of the eye with corneal clouding with variable iridolenticulocorneal adhesions. The Pax-6 gene encodes a transcriptional regulator that recognizes target genes through its paired-type DNA-binding domain. The paired domain is composed of two distinct DNA-binding subdomains, the amino-terminal subdomain and the carboxy-terminal subdomain, which bind respective consensus DNA sequences. The human Pax-6 gene produces two alternatively spliced isoforms that have the distinct structure of the paired domain.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSF's, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF's share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 55kDa, which is identified as fascin-1. Its actin binding ability is regulated by phosphorylation. Antibody to fascin-1 is a very sensitive marker for Reed-Sternberg cells and variants in nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin's disease. It is uniformly negative in lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and myeloid cells. Fascin-1 is also expressed in dendritic cells. This marker may be helpful to distinguish between Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in difficult cases. Also, the lack of expression of fascin-1 in the neoplastic follicles in follicular lymphoma may be helpful in distinguishing these lymphomas from reactive follicular hyperplasia in which the number of follicular dendritic cells is normal or increased. Antibody to fascin-1 has been suggested as a prognostic marker in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung as well as in ovarian cancer. Fascin-1 expression may be induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B cells with the possibility that viral induction of fascin in lymphoid or other cell types must also be considered in EBV-positive cases.

Supplier: Prosci

Mucin-1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. The transgenic protein has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of the protein uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Mucin-1 antibody is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver.

Supplier: Prosci

The antibody HEB-20 reacts with human blood group B. The specificity of the antibody HEB-20 was confirmed by comparison of specificity and reactivity to standard reagent using >5.000 samples of blood. The mAb HEB-20 shows specific staining of erythrocytes and vascular epithelium of blood group B controls and no staining in group A controls. This mAb is applicable for tissue staining in tumor patients with blood groups B and AB. Blood group antigens are generally defined as molecules formed by sequential addition of saccharides to the carbohydrate side chains of lipids and proteins detected on erythrocytes and certain epithelial cells. The A, B and H antigens are reported to undergo modulation during malignant cellular transformation. Blood group related antigens represent a group of carbohydrate determinants carried on both glycolipids and glycoproteins. They are usually mucin type, and are detected on erythrocytes, certain epithelial cells, and in secretions of certain individuals. Sixteen genetically and biosynthetically distinct but inter related specificities belong to this group of antigens, including A, B, H, Lewis A, Lewis B, Lewis X, Lewis Y, and precursor type 1 chain antigens.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody is specific for a 53kDa protein, which is identified as p53 suppressor gene product. The large number of prolines in its amino acid sequence causes p53 to migrate slowly in SDS-PAGE, resulting in the amino acid content-estimated 43 kDa protein appearing larger than expected. DO-7 reacts with the mutant as well as the wild form of p53 under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. It binds to MDM2, SV40 T antigen and human papilloma virus E6 protein. Positive nuclear staining with p53 antibody has been reported to be a negative prognostic factor in breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colorectal, and urothelial carcinoma. p53 positivity has also been used to differentiate uterine serous carcinoma from endometrioid carcinoma as well as to detect intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia.

Supplier: Prosci

A disulphide-linked heterodimer, consisting of mb-1 (or CD79a) and B29 (or CD79b) polypeptides, is non-covalently associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulins on B cells. This complex of mb-1 and B29 polypeptides and immunoglobulin constitute the B cell Ag receptor. CD79a first appears at pre B cell stage, early in maturation, and persists until the plasma cell stage where it is found as an intracellular component. CD79a is found in the majority of acute leukemias of precursor B cell type, in B cell lines, B cell lymphomas, and in some myelomas. It is not present in myeloid or T cell lines. Anti-CD79a is generally used to complement anti-CD20 especially for mature B-cell lymphomas after treatment with Rituximab (anti-CD20). This antibody will stain many of the same lymphomas as anti-CD20, but also is more likely to stain B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia than is anti-CD20. Anti-CD79a also stains more cases of plasma cell myeloma and occasionally some types of endothelial cells as well.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb reacts with MUC1/Mucin-1/Epithelial Marker Antigen/EMA. MUC1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed abundantly in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. Transgenic MUC1 has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The MUC1 gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of MUC1 uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Antibody to EMA is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a 67kDa transmembrane protein, which is identified as CD5. The CD5 antigen is found on 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, the main reactivity is observed in T cell areas. antibody to CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that also reacts with a range of neoplastic B-cells, e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and a subset (~10%) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CD5 aberrant expression is useful in making a diagnosis of mature T-cell neoplasms. CD5 antibody detection is diagnostic in CLL/SLL within a panel of other B-cell markers, especially one that includes anti-CD23. CD5 antibody is also very useful in differentiating among mature small lymphoid cell malignancies. In addition, antibody to CD5 can be used in distinguishing thymic carcinoma (+) from thymoma (-). CD5 antibody does not react with granulocytes or monocytes.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes full-length MUC1/Mucin-1/Epithelial Marker Antigen/EMA in a glycosylation-independent manner and can bind to the fully glycosylated protein. The dominant epitope of this mAb is APDTR in the VNTR region. It reacts with the core peptide of the MUC1 protein, which is a member of a family of mucin glycoproteins that are characterized by high carbohydrate content, O-linked oligosaccharides, high molecular weight (>200kDa) and an amino acid composition rich in serine, threonine, proline and glycine. The core protein contains a domain of 20 amino-acid tandem repeats that functions as multiple epitopes for the mAb. Incomplete glycosylation of some tumor-associated mucins may lead to variable unmasking of the multiple peptide epitopes leading to the observed differences in staining intensity between normal and malignant tissues. This mAb reacts with both normal and malignant epithelia of various tissues including breast and colon.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 47-55kDa, which is identified as FOXP3. Its precise epitope is not known, but it has been mapped to the N-terminal portion of the protein. The FOX family of transcription factors is a large group of proteins that share a common DNA binding domain termed a winged-helix or forkhead domain. During early development, FOXP1 and FOXP2 are expressed abundantly in the lung, with lower levels of expression in neural, intestinal and cardiovascular tissues, where they act as transcription repressors. FOXP1 is widely expressed in adult tissues, while neoplastic cells often exhibit a dramatic change in expression level or localization of FOXP1. Mutations in FOXP3 gene cause IPEX, a fatal, X-linked inherited disorder characterized by immune dysregulation. The FOXP3 protein is essential for normal immune homeostasis. Specifically, FOXP3 represses transcription through a DNA binding forkhead domain, thereby regulating T cell activation.

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratin 14 (CK14) belongs to the type I (or A or acidic) subfamily of low molecular weight keratins and exists in combination with keratin 5 (type II or B or basic). Cytokeratin 14 is found in basal cells of squamous epithelia, some glandular epithelia, myoepithelium, and mesothelial cells. antibody to cytokeratin 14 is useful in differentiating squamous cell carcinomas from poorly differentiated epithelial tumors. cytokeratin 14 antibody is one of the specific basal markers for distinguishing between basal and non-basal subtypes of breast carcinomas. Cytokeratin 14 antibody is also a good marker for differentiation of intraductal from invasive salivary duct carcinoma by the positive staining of basal cells surrounding the in-situ neoplasm as well as for differentiation of benign prostate from prostate carcinoma. Furthermore, this antibody has been useful in separating oncocytic tumors of the kidney from its renal mimics, and in identifying metaplastic carcinomas of the breast.

Supplier: Prosci

A disulphide-linked heterodimer, consisting of mb-1 (or CD79a) and B29 (or CD79b) polypeptides, is non-covalently associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulins on B cells. This complex of mb-1 and B29 polypeptides and immunoglobulin constitute the B-cell Ag receptor. CD79a first appears at pre B-cell stage, early in maturation, and persists until the plasma cell stage where it is found as an intracellular component. It is found in the majority of acute leukemias of B-cell precursors, lines and lymphomas, and in some myelomas. It is not present in myeloid or Tcell lines. CD79a antibody is generally used to complement CD20 mAb, especially for mature B-cell lymphomas after treatment with Rituximab (anti-CD20). This CD79a antibody will stain many of the same lymphomas as CD20 mAb, but also is more likely to stain B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia than is CD20 mAb. CD79a antibody also stains more cases of plasma cell myeloma and occasionally some types of endothelial cells as well.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45, also referred to as CD45R and PTPRC (Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C), has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed among hematopoietic cells. Along with other members of the PTP family, it regulates a number of cellular processes including cell differentiation, growth and mitotic cycle, and is an essential regulator of B- and T-cell antigen receptor-mediated activation.

Multiple isoforms of CD45 are distributed throughout the immune system and arise due to alternative splicing of exons located in the N-terminus. CD45RA contains the A exon and is a naive T-cell marker which may help prevent autoimmune disease. CD45RB contains B and stains most leukemias and lymphomas. CD45RC contains C and stains thymocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. CD45RO doesn't contain A, B or C and is a marker of activated T-cells that can be used to classify and diagnose and classify lymphomas. This antibody will bind to all CD45 isoforms. The variation in these isoforms is localized to the extracellular domain, with the intracellular domain being conserved. Antibody to CD45 is useful in differential diagnosis of lymphoid tumors from non-hematopoietic undifferentiated neoplasms.

Supplier: Prosci

This Epithelial Membrane Antigen / EMA antibody, also called MUC1 and Mucin-1, recognizes the full-length protein in a glycosylation-independent manner and can bind to the fully glycosylated protein. The dominant epitope of this mAb is APDTR in the VNTR region. It reacts with the core peptide of the EMA protein, which is a member of a family of mucin glycoproteins that are characterized by high carbohydrate content, O-linked oligosaccharides, high molecular weight (>200kDa) and an amino acid composition rich in serine, threonine, proline and glycine. The core protein contains a domain of 20 amino-acid tandem repeats that functions as multiple epitopes for the mAb. Incomplete glycosylation of some tumor-associated mucins may lead to variable unmasking of the multiple peptide epitopes leading to the observed differences in staining intensity between normal and malignant tissues. This EMA antibody reacts with both normal and malignant epithelia of various tissues including breast and colon.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a 60kDa protein, identified as the heat shock protein 60. The antibody's epitope is localized between amino acids 383-447 of human HSP60. A wide variety of environmental and pathophysiological stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of a family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (hsp’s), more appropriately called as stress response proteins (srp’s). HSP60 is a potential antigen in a number of autoimmune diseases. In human arthritis and in experimentally induced arthritis in animals, disease development coincides with the development of immune reactivity directed against not only bacterial HSP60, but also against its mammalian homolog. Clone LK1 antibody, unlike LK2 antibody, recognizes only the mammalian (not bacterial) HSP60 and is useful in distinguishing HSP60 from mammals and bacteria.

Supplier: Prosci

Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including alpha and beta, contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. They are located in the nucleus, though some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. ER alpha and beta are differentially activated by various ligands. Ligand interaction triggers a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, recepter dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes. Evidence suggests that ER alpha and beta may be regulated by distinct mechanisms even though they share many functional characteristics.

Supplier: Invitrogen

Thermo Scientific Pierce Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 is one of the most common forms of coomassie dye, which is a key component of various colorimetric protein gel stains.

Supplier: Prosci

At least five CD1 genes (CD1a, b, c, d, and e) are identified. CD1 proteins have been demonstrated to restrict Tcell response to non-peptide lipid and glycolipid antigens and play a role in non-classical antigen presentation. CD1a is a non-polymorphic MHC Class 1 related cell surface glycoprotein, expressed in association with Beta-2 microglobulin. CD1a antibody labels Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X), extranodal histiocytic sarcoma, a subset of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, and interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma of the lymph node. When combined with antibody against TTF-1 and CD5, CD1a antibody is useful in distinguishing between pulmonary and thymic neoplasms since it is consistently expressed in thymic lymphocytes in both typical and atypical thymomas, but only focally in 1/6 of thymic carcinomas and not in lymphocytes in pulmonary neoplasms. CD1a antibody is reported to be a new marker for perivascular epithelial cell tumor (PEComa).

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). Cytokeratin 8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibody that recognizes only cytokeratin 8 and 18. Cytokeratin 8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Antibody to Cytokeratin 8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against Cytokeratin 8, 18 and 19). Reportedly, Cytokeratin 8 antibody is useful for the differentiation of lobular (“ring-like, perinuclear”) from ductal (“peripheral-predominant”) carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody reacts with both SUMO2 and SUMO3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesized as precursors that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets for a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO1/2/3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several targets, which include MDM2, p53, PML and RanGap1. SUMO2/3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO1 and they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a sialoglycoprotein of 27-32kDa, identified as CD99, or MIC2 gene product, or E2 antigen. MIC2 gene is located in the pseudo-autosomal region of the human X and Y chromosome. MIC2 gene encodes two distinct proteins, which are produced by alternative splicing of the CD99 gene transcript and are identified as bands of 30 and 32kDa (p30/32). Although its function is not fully understood, CD99 is implicated in various cellular processes including homotypic aggregation of T cells, upregulation of T cell receptor and MHS molecules, apoptosis of immature thymocytes and leukocyte diapedesis. CD99 is expressed on the cell membrane of some lymphocytes, cortical thymocytes, and granulosa cells of the ovary. Most pancreatic islet cells, Sertoli cells of the testis, and some endothelial cells express this antigen. Mature granulocytes express very little or no CD99. It is strongly expressed on Ewing s sarcoma cells and primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors.