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The C1.18.4 immunoglobulin is useful as an isotype-matched control. The C.1.18.4 immunolglobulin has an unknown binding specificity and is used as an isotype control for mouse IgG2a antibodies.

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The CD28.2 antibody reacts with human CD28, a 44 kDa type I surface glycoprotein which acts as a co-stimulatory receptor in support of the T cell receptor (TCR). CD28 exists as a homodimer with specificity for two known ligands, known as B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), which are expressed on activated B cells and antigen-presenting cells. These ligands trigger CD28 signaling in concert with TCR activation to drive T cell proliferation, induce high-level expression of IL-2, impart resistance to apoptosis, and enhance T cell cytotoxicity. The interaction / co-stimulatory signaling between the B7 ligands and CD28 provides crucial communication between T cells and B cells or APCs to coordinate the adaptive immune response. Other members of the CD28 family of receptors include CTLA-4 (CD152), PD-1 (CD279), ICOS and BTLA.

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The HI30 antibody reacts with human CD45, one of the most abundant hematopoietic markers and one that is expressed on all leukocytes (the Leukocyte Common Antigen, LCA). CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase existing in several isoforms, each being generated and expressed in cell-specific patterns. With its broad cell distribution, CD45 is critical for many leukocyte functions, regulating signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and IL-2 receptor. Other forms of CD45, with restricted cellular expression, include CD45R (B220), CD45RA, CD45RB, CD45RO and others.

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The SK7 antibody is specific for human CD3e, also known as CD3 epsilon, a 20 kDa subunit of the T cell receptor complex, along with CD3 gamma and CD3 delta. These integral membrane protein chains assemble with additional chains of the T cell receptor (TCR), as well as CD3 zeta chain, to form the T cell receptor – CD3 complex. Together with co-receptors CD4 or CD8, the complex serves to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. These interactions promote T cell receptor signaling (T cell activation), inducing cell proliferation, differentiation, production of cytokines or activation-induced cell death. CD3 is differentially expressed during thymocyte-to-T cell development and on all mature T cells.

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Goat anti-Human IgG Fc - Affinity Pure, HRP Conjugate

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The 145-2C11 antibody is specific for mouse CD3e, also known as CD3 epsilon, a 20 kDa subunit of the T cell receptor complex, along with CD3 gamma and CD3 delta. These integral membrane protein chains assemble with additional chains of the T cell receptor (TCR), as well as CD3 zeta chain, to form the T cell receptor CD3 complex. Together with co-receptors CD4 or CD8, the complex serves to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Such interactions promote T cell receptor signaling (T cell activation) and can result in a number of cellular responses including proliferation, differentiation, production of cytokines or activation-induced cell death. CD3 is differentially expressed during thymocyte-to-T cell development and on all mature T cells. The 145-2C11 antibody is a widely used phenotypic marker for mouse T cells. In addition, binding of 145-2C11 antibody to CD3e can induce cell activation. A recent publication of the crystal structure of a murine CD3e-mitogenic antibody complex provides further insight into the action of commonly used agonist antibodies (Fernandes, R.A. et al. 2012. J. Biol. Chem. 287: 13324-13335).

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The MEL-14 antibody is specific for mouse CD62L, also known as L-Selectin, a cell adhesion molecule which facilitates lymphocyte "rolling" on activated vascular endothelium and homing to high endothelial venules (HEV) as immune cells transmigrate from blood into peripheral tissues. L-Selectin is a member of a family of Selectin molecules which act together with the integrin family of adhesion molecules to mediate leukocyte-endothelial interactions. L-Selectin is characteristically expressed by neutrophils, and is also found on B cells, monocytes, granulocytes, and at varying levels on naive, effector and memory T cells. It is rapidly shed upon cell activation, releasing into the circulation a soluble form whose biological role is of particular interest in cancer biology research. The MEL-14 antibody may be used as a phenotypic marker for CD62L expression on a variety of immune cell types. Please note that CD62L (L-Selectin) itself is also referred to as MEL-14 in the literature.

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The MY31 antibody reacts with human CD56, also known as the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), a glycoprotein which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The 140 kDa isoform of CD56 is expressed on human NK cells and NK-T cells, with increased expression levels on activated NK lymphocytes. The CD56 antigen is also expressed by neurons and is reported to play a role in nervous system development and neural cell-to-cell adhesion. Clone MY31 also reacts with a subset of CD14+ monocytes in non-human primates, and is reported to be cross-reactive with Chimpanzee, Cynomolgus and Rhesus.

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The RA3-6B2 antibody reacts with the human and mouse CD45 isoform known as CD45R, or B220, a protein tyrosine phosphatase of 220 kDa. CD45 is one of the most abundant hematopoietic markers, and is expressed on all leukocytes (the Leukocyte Common Antigen, LCA). Various isoforms are generated and expressed in cell-specific patterns, all critical for leukocyte function. In mouse, the CD45R/B220 isoform is predominantly found on B cells, at varying levels on all stages from pro-B cells to activated B cells, and may also be detected on certain T cell and NK cell subsets. It is of note that B220 is not similarly expressed on human B cells, where it appears to be differentiation-specific and therefore expressed on only some B cell subsets. Other forms of CD45 with restricted cellular expression include CD45RA, CD45RB and CD45RO.

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The JES5-2A5 antibody is specific for mouse IL-10. IL-10 has numerous biological activities including the ability to inhibit both the synthesis of Th1 cytokines and proliferation of T cells. In the mouse, IL-10 is produced by phagocytic cells, conventional dendritic, cells, T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The JES5-2A5 antibody is a neutralizing antibody.

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The HI30 antibody reacts with human CD45, one of the most abundant hematopoietic markers and one that is expressed on all leukocytes (the Leukocyte Common Antigen, LCA). CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase existing in several isoforms, each being generated and expressed in cell-specific patterns. With its broad cell distribution, CD45 is critical for many leukocyte functions, regulating signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and IL-2 receptor. Other forms of CD45, with restricted cellular expression, include CD45R (B220), CD45RA, CD45RB, CD45RO and others.

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The TER-119 antibody is named for the antigen to which it binds, a 52 kDa surface protein that is associated with glycophorin-A. TER-119 is considered to be a lineage marker for later stages of erythroid cell development, as its expression begins at the pro-erythroblast stage. TER-119 antigen is not expressed at either BFU-E or CFU-E stages, i.e. prior to the pro-erythroblast stage.

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The 1D3 antibody reacts with mouse CD19, a 95 kDa glycoprotein which acts as a co-receptor, along with CD21 and CD81, in support of the functional B cell receptor (BCR). This complex provides antigen-specific recognition and subsequent activation of B cells to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (plasma cells) or memory B cells, which are crucial for secondary antigen encounter. CD19 is a lineage-differentiation marker, as its expression is detectable at the earliest B cell stages, through development, and is finally lost upon transition to mature plasma cells.

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The 53-6.7 antibody reacts with the 32-34 kDa alpha subunit of mouse CD8, known as CD8a or CD8 alpha. CD8a can form a homodimer (CD8 alpha-alpha), but is more commonly expressed as a heterodimer with a second chain known as CD8b or CD8 beta. CD8 acts as a co-receptor in antigen recognition and subsequent T cell activation that is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to antigen-bearing MHC Class I molecules. The cytoplasmic domains of CD8 provide binding sites for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating intracellular signaling events that lead to T cell activation, development, and cytotoxic effector functions. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) play an important role in inducing cell death of tumor cells, as well as cells infected by virus, bacteria or parasites.

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The 17A2 antibody reacts with the mouse CD3 complex, comprised of CD3 epsilon, CD3 gamma and CD3 delta. These integral membrane protein chains assemble with additional chains of the T cell receptor (TCR), as well as CD3 zeta chain, to form the T cell receptor – CD3 complex. Together with co-receptors CD4 or CD8, the complex serves to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Such interactions promote T cell receptor signaling (T cell activation) and can result in a number of cellular responses including proliferation, differentiation, production of cytokines or activation-induced cell death. CD3 is differentially expressed during thymocyte-to-T cell development and on all mature T cells.

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The 30-H12 antibody reacts with mouse CD90.2 (Thy1.2). CD90.2 is a strain-specific allelic form of the GPI-linked membrane associated protein CD90 and is involved in adhesion and signal transduction. CD90.2 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells and neurons in mouse strains that express the CD90.2 allele (BALB/c, CBA, C3H, C57BL/6, SJL and others). 30-H12 does not react with the CD90.1 allele expressed in mouse strains such as PL and AKR.

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The MEL-14 antibody is specific for mouse CD62L, also known as L-Selectin, a cell adhesion molecule which facilitates lymphocyte “rolling” on activated vascular endothelium and homing to high endothelial venules (HEV) as immune cells transmigrate from blood into peripheral tissues. L-Selectin is a member of a family of Selectin molecules which act together with the integrin family of adhesion molecules to mediate leukocyte-endothelial interactions. L-Selectin is characteristically expressed by neutrophils, and is also found on B cells, monocytes, granulocytes, and at varying levels on naive, effector and memory T cells. It is rapidly shed upon cell activation, releasing into the circulation a soluble form whose biological role is of particular interest in cancer biology research.

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The A20 antibody reacts with mouse CD45.1, also known as Ly5.1, which is a strain-specific allelic form of the CD45 Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA). Functionally, CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase whose broad cell distribution supports a critical role in many leukocyte functions, including regulation of signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell and B cell receptors.

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The PC61.5 antibody is specific for mouse CD25, a 55 kDa surface protein also known as the Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha chain, or IL-2R alpha. CD25 may bind IL-2 by itself, although with low affinity and without induction of cell signaling. CD25 is also expressed within a high-affinity complex, along with the IL-2R beta chain (CD122) and the common gamma chain (CD132), to form a signaling receptor complex. Expression of CD25 varies during developmental stages of T and B cells, is induced on activated mature T and B cells, and is present on subsets of dendritic cells. CD25 signaling as part of the IL-2 receptor complex triggers T cell activation and proliferation, as well as modulating the differentiation and function of Th17 cells, T regulatory (Treg) cells, and dendritic cells.

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The 53-6.7 antibody reacts with the 32-34 kDa alpha subunit of mouse CD8, known as CD8a or CD8 alpha. CD8a can form a homodimer (CD8 alpha-alpha), but is more commonly expressed as a heterodimer with a second chain known as CD8b or CD8 beta. CD8 acts as a co-receptor in antigen recognition and subsequent T cell activation that is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to antigen-bearing MHC Class I molecules. The cytoplasmic domains of CD8 provide binding sites for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating intracellular signaling events that lead to T cell activation, development, and cytotoxic effector functions. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) play an important role in inducing cell death of tumor cells, as well as cells infected by virus, bacteria or parasites.

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The Hit8a antibody is specific for the 32-34 kDa alpha chain of human CD8, known as CD8a or CD8 alpha. CD8a can form a homodimer (CD8 alpha-alpha), but is more commonly expressed as a heterodimer with a second chain known as CD8b or CD8 beta. CD8 acts as a co-receptor for antigen recognition and subsequent T cell activation that is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to antigen-bearing MHC Class I molecules. The cytoplasmic domains of CD8 provide binding sites for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating intracellular signaling events that lead to T cell activation, development, and cytotoxic effector functions. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) play an important role in inducing cell death of tumor cells, as well as cells infected by virus, bacteria or parasites.

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The XMG1.2 antibody is specific for mouse Interferon-gamma (IFN-g), a 20 kDa type II cytokine known for its central roles in protection against bacterial or viral pathogens and for its anti-tumor properties. IFN-g is secreted by several types of immune cells, which allow the cytokine to modulate innate immunity, when secreted by NK and NKT cells, and to function in supporting adaptive immunity when secreted by Th1 and CD8+ T cells (CTLs).

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The 30-H12 antibody reacts with mouse CD90.2 (Thy1.2). CD90.2 is a strain-specific allelic form of the GPI-linked membrane associated protein CD90 and is involved in adhesion and signal transduction. CD90.2 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells and neurons in mouse strains that express the CD90.2 allele (BALB/c, CBA, C3H, C57BL/6, SJL and others). 30-H12 does not react with the CD90.1 allele expressed in mouse strains such as PL and AKR.

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The 30-F11 antibody reacts with mouse CD45, which is one of the most abundant hematopoietic markers and is expressed on all leukocytes (the Leukocyte Common Antigen, LCA). CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase existing in several isoforms, each being generated and expressed in cell-specific patterns. With its broad cell distribution, CD45 is critical for many leukocyte functions, regulating signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and IL-2 receptor. Other forms of CD45, with restricted cellular expression, include CD45R (B220), CD45RA, CD45RB and CD45RO.

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The AFS98 antibody is specific for mouse CD115, also known as Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R), a 145 kDa receptor from the PDGF receptor family. Receptor activation by the ligands IL-34 or CSF-1 (M-CSF) occurs via homodimerization of CD115 and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination of intracellular domains. CD115 signaling promotes differentiation of myeloid precursors, as well as the continued regulation of proliferation, survival and function of mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells and osteoclasts. While IL-34 and CSF-1 may induce similar cellular responses, they are differentially expressed and as such exert complimentary actions via CD115.

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The J43.1 antibody is specific for mouse CD279, also known as programmed death-1 (PD-1), a 55 kDa glycoprotein which can co-regulate T cell antigen receptor signaling and therefore modulate T cell activation. PD-1 exists in a monomeric form that is expressed by CD4- CD8- thymocytes, where it participates in the processes of clonal selection, elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes, and development of tolerance. PD-1 expression is also inducible upon activation of mature T cells, where it has been proposed to interact with the co-stimulatory receptor CD80 to limit T cell activation. Two ligands for PD-1, known as PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-L2 (B7-DC) are differentially expressed on T and B cells, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells or dendritic cells. PD-1 is a member of a family of receptors including CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD152), which interact with “B7” ligands to provide a balance of co-stimulatory /co-inhibitory signaling important in T cell activation, tolerance, and autoimmunity.

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The C1.18.4 immunoglobulin is useful as an isotype-matched control. The C.1.18.4 immunolglobulin has an unknown binding specificity and is used as an isotype control for mouse IgG2a antibodies.

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The IM7 antibody recognizes CD44, a ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor which is important for extracellular matrix organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and migration. CD44 may be expressed in a number of different isoforms (splice variants) from the most typical or “standard” form, known as CD44s, to variants designated CD44v, e.g. CD44v1 or CD44v6. These receptors interact with several ligands, but most often associate with an extracellular matrix component hyaluronate, through which it mediates adhesion.

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The MR1 antibody is specific for mouse CD154, a 39 kD glycoprotein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells. CD154 (CD40 ligand, gp39) binds to CD40 expressed on antigen presenting cells and mediates important costimulatory functions between these cells. Signals generated via cognate interactions between CD154-CD40 on activated T and B cells are required for T-dependent B cell responses. The MR1 antibody is reported to block interaction of CD154 with CD40.

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The 15.2 antibody reacts with human CD54, also known as ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), a 90-110 kDa cell surface glycoprotein that is inducibly expressed on both immune and endothelial cells. As its name implies, ICAM-1 participates in cell-cell adhesion between leukocytes and endothelial cells, facilitating leukocyte recruitment and transmigration at sites of inflammation. The ligands for ICAM-1 are also expressed on leukocyte and endothelial cells, and include Mac-1, fibrinogen, and a member of the integrin protein family, LFA-1 (CD11a).