914 Results for: "Molecular Biology Reagents"

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

β-Mercaptoethanol can act as an enzyme reactivator in systems necessitating reduction for activation, and has been commonly used to reduce disulfide bonds in order to separate protein subunits for use in electrophoresis.
2-Mercaptoethanol is used to reduce disulfide linkages in solubilizing proteins for gel electrophoresis (typically used in SDS-PAGE sample buffer at 5% concentration). Also reduces excess oxidative polymerization of catalysts. Cleaving intermolecular (between subunits) disulfide bonds allows the subunits of a protein to separate independently on SDS-PAGE. Cleaving intramolecular (within subunit) disulfide bonds allows the subunits to become completely denatured so that each peptide migrates according to its chain length with no influence due to secondary structure. In solution, 2-mercaptoethanol is readily oxidized in air to a disulfide, especially at alkaline pH. Because of this property, it is widely used to protect proteins, enzymes in particular, from becoming inactive. An excess of 2-mercaptoethanol (generally used at 0.01 M) will maintain the protein thiol groups in their reduced state.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Chloroform is a common laboratory reagent favored for use as a solvent due to the compounds relative unreactivity and miscibility with most organic compounds. Chloroform is a colorless, volatile chlorinated organic solvent whose vapors have a narcotic effect.
Chloroform is use as a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, gutta-percha, resins; as cleansing agent; in fire extinguishers to lower the freezing temperature of carbon tetrachloride. Procedures have been described for the use of chloroform in lambda plaques storage, lambda cDNA storage, the removal of mineral oil from PCR reaction samples, oligonucleotide purification, a hydroxyl radical footprinting protocol, a transcriptional run-on assay protocol, and an overlay assay for beta-galactosidase activity. It has also been used with phenol in such procedures as DNA recovery from polyacrylamide gels, ethidium bromide removal from DNA preparations, lysis protocols for plasmid DNA isolation, RNase removal, and purification of yeast DNA. A protocol describes the use of chloroform in a high-performance thin-layer chromatography protocol for sphingomyelin analysis. Chloroform can also be used in chloroform/methanol mixtures for the isolation of cardiolipids from Geobacillus stearothermophilus and their subsequent MS analysis. The isolation of the bacteriocin amylovorin L471 from Lactobacillus amylovorus DCE 471 in culture broth has been reported, using chloroform/methanol extraction and precipitation in the procedure. Chloroform/2-butanol mixtures can be used for the extraction of steroid sulfates for analysis by nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Physical Appearance: Liquid
Vapor Density: 4.36 (air = 1) (Lit.)
Vapor Pressure: 211 hPa at 20 °C(Lit.)
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.445(Lit.)
Solubility: Soluble in water (1 mL/200 mL water); miscible with ethanol, benzene, ether, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, oils.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

p-Nitroblue Tetrazolium Chloride is an NADPH-diaphorase substrate that competitively inhibits NOS (nitric oxide synthase) (IC50 = 3-4 μM). In combination with 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) and an appropriate reaction buffer, Nitroblue tetrazolium forms a substrate for the colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase conjugates in a variety of molecular and cell biology techniques.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: Store at -20 °C.
Brefeldin A is a fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity. Produced by Penicillium brefeldianum. Blocks binding of the cytosolic coat protein b-COP and ARF to Golgi membranes mediated by protein G. Also blocks protein transportation into post-Golgi compartments. It activates the sphingomyelin cycle. Brefeldin A mediated apoptosis has been observed in human tumor cells.
Brefeldin A reversibly inhibits the intracellular translocation of proteins in eukaryotes, e.g., during transport of proteins to the cell surface for secretion or expression. It has been reported to block the response of cultured cells to cholera toxin. In HepG2 cells, BFA induces two blocks in the secretory pathway; one at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi juncture and the other in the trans-Golgi network. Brefeldin A is used in the studies of Brefeldin A-inhibited Guanine Nucleotide-exchange Protein, BIG2, Regulates the Constitutive Release of TNFR1 Exosome-like Vesicles.
Brefeldin A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite which disrupts the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. BFA is an activator of the sphingomyelin cycle. Brefeldin A-mediated apoptosis has been observed in human tumor cells.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Magnesium sulfate is a common pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium, commonly known as Epsom salts. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium.
Magnesium has a variety of biological roles in enzymology, cell membrane and wall structural integrity, muscle cell physiology, and nucleic acid structure. Magnesium is an essential co-factor in many enzymes, including deoxyribonuclease (DNase), the restriction enzymes EcoR I and EcoR V, and Ribonuclease H. Magnesium also stabilizes polymeric nucleic acids such as transfer RNA and ribozymes.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: Room Temperature
Guanidine hydrochloride consists of a network of guanidinium cations and chloride anions linked by N–H•••Cl hydrogen bonds, it is a strong chaotropic agent. Guanidine HCl may agglomerate upon storage. It may appear as a free-flowing crystalline powder, a free flowing powder with solid material dispersed throughout, or a solid. The quality of the product does not appear to be affected and solutions prepared from the free-flowing and lumpy guanidine HCl appear identical.
Guanidine hydrochloride can be used as the first step in refolding proteins or enzymes into their active form. Urea and dithiothreitol (DTT) may also be necessary. Also used in the isolation of RNA. Guanidine hydrochloride is a strong chaotropic agent useful for the denaturation and subsequent refolding of protein, it can solubilize insoluble or denatured proteins such as inclusion bodies and be used for the recovery of periplasmic proteins.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Potassium acetate is used as a buffer in molecular biology research, notably in the isolation of DNA. Potassium acetate may be utilized in the isolation of RNA intermediates and products from in vitro splicing reactions performed with HeLa cell nuclear extract. Potassium acetate has been used to study the interactions between the TATA box binding protein from Pyrococcus woesei and an oligonucleotide with a specific binding site. The use of potassium acetate in the analysis of oligogalacturonic acids by highperformance anion-exchange chromatography has been described.

Supplier: QUALITY BIOLOGICAL, INC.

Sodium acetate is a widely used reagent in molecular biology applications. It is used as a buffer in conjunction with acetic acid, in the buffering range of pH 3.6 – 5.6.

Supplier: IBI Scientific

IPTG is an inducer of β-galactosidase activity in E.coli. It is commonly used in conjunction with X-GAL to detect lac gene expression in cloning applications, thus allowing detection of recombinant molecules.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Applications:
Urea is used for the denaturation of proteins and as a mild solubilization agent for insoluble or denatured proteins. Useful for renaturing proteins from samples already denatured with 6 M guanidine chloride such as inclusion bodies and in the extraction of the mitochondrial complex. It is commonly used to solubilize and denature proteins for denaturing isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis and in acetic acid-urea PAGE gels. May be used with guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitrol (DTT) in the refolding of denatured proteins into their native or active form. Urea is used in cell or tissue culture media to increase the osmolality. Urea has also been used as fertilizer because of the easy availability of nitrogen; in animal feeds; it is reacted with aldehydes to make resins and plastics; condensed with malonic ester to form barbituric acid; used in the paper industry to soften cellulose.
Biochem/physiol Actions:
Urea has been shown to act as an aldosterone antagonist in the development of peanut agglutinin binding in cultured embryonic renal collecting duct epithelial cells. Urea is the principal end product of nitrogen metabolism in most mammals, formed by the enzymatic reactions of the Kreb's cycle.
Typical Working Concentration:
The use of 2 g/L urea in the culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus to produce a thermostable extracellular lipase has been described. Urea is typically used at a concentration of 8 M for protein denaturation or solubilization. A final concentration of 5 M urea is commonly used in molecular biology for sequencing gels. To prevent carbamylation, do not heat urea containing buffers above 37 °C

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: Store at Room Temperature (15-30 °C), dessicate.
Ammonium persulfate is a strong oxidizing agent. It is a radical initiator.
Ammonium persulfate is a polymerization catalyst used with TEMED for polyacrylamide gel formation. APS has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry. Other applications of APS include its use as a reducer and retarder in photography, the manufacture of aniline dyes, electroplating, the decolorizing and deodorizing of oils.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Imidazole is a histamine antagonist.
Imidazole can be used to prepare buffers in the pH range of 6.2-7.8 at 25 °C. It is also a chelator for the binding of various divalent cations.
Solutions can be successfully sterilized by autoclaving, and are stable for at least 2 years at 2-8 °C, protected from light

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

MOPS is a zwitterionic amino acid which acts as one of the "Good" buffers. It is a structural analog to MES. However, MOPS is a more suitable biological buffer than MES because the pH range is closer to pH 7.4.
Store at Room Temperature (15-30 °C)

Supplier: IBI Scientific

IBI Molecular Biology agarose products are highly refined and highly purified

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Triton® X-100 is an alkylaryl polyether alcohol. It is a nonionic surfactant prepared by the reaction of octylphenol with ethylene oxide. The number ("-100") relates only indirectly to the number of ethylene oxide units in the structure.
Triton X-100 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier which is often used in biochemical applications to solubilize proteins. Triton X-100 has no antimicrobial properties. It is considered as a comparatively mild detergent, non-denaturing, and is reported in numerous references as a routinely added reagent. It does absorb in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, however, so can interfere with protein quantitation.
The principal uses of Triton® X-100 is in industrial and household detergent applications and in emulsifying agents. It is employed in almost every type of liquid, paste, and powdered cleaning compound, ranging from heavy-duty industrial products to gentle detergents for fine fabrics. It is also important ingredient of primary emulsifier mixtures used in the manufacture of emulsion polymers, stabilizers in latex polymers, and emulsifiers for agricultural emulsion concentrates, and wettable powders.
Widely used non-ionic surfactant for recovery of membrane components under mild non-denaturing conditions.
Store at Room Temperature(15-30 °C)

Supplier: IBI Scientific

IBI's Proteinase K is a stable >50 mg/ml (powder) highly active proteolytic enzyme that is purified from the mold tritirachium album.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Polyethylene Glycol has been used in the precipitation of proteins, as a fusing agent in enhancing the effect of macrophages on hybridoma, in the separation and purification of biomolecules and in induction of cell hybridization.
PEG's are susceptible to oxidative degradation in the presence of air. Minimizing the exposure of PEG to elevated temperatures and/or exposure to oxygen, or addition of an antioxidant can limit the amount of degradation. PEGs do not hydrolyze or deteriorate upon storage. PEGs do not support the growth of molds.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Tris has been useful as buffers in a wide variety of biological systems. Uses include pH control in vitro and in vivo for body fluids and in buffering systems for electrophoresis applications. Tris has been used as a starting material for polymers, oxazolones (with carboxylic acids) and oxazolidines (with aldehydes). Tris does not precipitate calcium salts and is of value in maintaining solubility of manganese salts. It can be used for the direct standardization of a strong acid solution; the equivalence point can be determined either potentiometrically or by use of a suitable indicator such as 3-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphthylazo)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid. It is an auxiliary material in pharmaceutical science.
Store at Room Temperature (15-30 °C). Store dessicated.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

May be used for washing spheroplasts and in isoelectric focusing to minimize endoosmotic flow in agarose gels. May be used to induce osmotic stress.
D-Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sugar substitute. It occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. The food industry uses D-sorbitol as an additive in the form of a sweetener, humectant, emulsifier, thickener, or dietary supplement. D-Sorbitol has also been found in cosmetics, paper, and pharmaceuticals. Naturally, D-sorbitol occurs widely in plants via photosynthesis, ranging from algae to higher order fruits of the family Rosaceae.

Supplier: IBI Scientific

Tris-HCl is commonly used in biological and electrophoresis buffer systems and can be used to make a concentrated stock of buffer solutions.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: Store at Room Temperature (15-30 °C).
Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid is a polyamino carboxylic acid hexadentate ligand and a chelating agent. This product is designated as Molecular Biology grade and is suitable for molecular biology applications.
Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid is a chelator of divalent cations. It also inhibits enzymes, such as metalloproteases, that require divalent cations for activity.

Supplier: Corning

Sodium Acetate is a common molecular biology reagent. All production lots are tested to ensure that they are free of RNAse. It is often used in buffer systems to maintain the pH of a given solution.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Tris is widely used as a component of buffer solutions, such as in TAE and TBE buffer, especially for solutions of nucleic acids.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Proteinase K is a highly active stable endopeptidase with a broad spectrum of action was isolated by E. Merk's Darmstadt Biochemical Research Department in 1970 from a culture filtrate of the fungus, Tritirachium album Limber. This fungus is able to grow on Keratin (e.g., wool, horn particles) as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The isolated protease was, therefore, given the K designation.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Sodium chloride is a commonly used chemical which is found widely in nature. It is considered to be an essential nutrient. Excess amounts of sodium chloride can destroy electrolyte balance and cause death in most animals, including humans.
Sodium chloride is used in a wide variety of biochemical applications, including intravenous fluids (normal saline is 0.9% w/v in water 10), density gradients 3,6, a diluent to increase ionic strength in buffers or culture media and in salt-out procedures in the isolation of DNA. It has also been used in high concentrations for preservation of foods since bacteria cannot grow in high salt conditions. A salt-ice mixture in the ratio of approximately 33 g sodium chloride to 100 g ice (at -1°C) will drop in temperature to as low as -21°C, depending on the rate of stirring and the size of the ice chunks.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Polysorbate 20 is nonionic surfactant derived from sorbitan ester.

Supplier: Alkali Scientific

CellPro™ Potassium Chloride Solution stands as a trusted reagent in molecular biology research. Crafted to meticulous standards of purity and sterility, this solution offers researchers a reliable source of potassium ions for experimental procedures. With its sterile filtered formulation, CellPro™ Potassium Chloride Solution ensures consistent and reproducible results, empowering researchers in their molecular biology experiments.

Supplier: IBI Scientific

SDS is an ionic detergent used to denature proteins in hybridization, nucleic purification, and electrophoresis buffer systems. SDS is also used to dissociate nucleic acid protein complexes in DNA extraction protocols, to disrupt cell membranes and to prepare prehybridization and/or hybridization solutions.

Supplier: Alkali Scientific

CellPro™ Maltose Solution stands as a trusted reagent in molecular biology research. Crafted to meticulous standards of purity and sterility, this solution offers researchers a reliable source of maltose for experimental procedures. With its sterile filtered formulation, CellPro™ Maltose Solution ensures consistent and reproducible results, empowering researchers in their molecular biology experiments.

Supplier: Alkali Scientific

CellPro™ Potassium Chloride Solution stands as a trusted reagent in molecular biology research. Crafted to meticulous standards of purity and sterility, this solution offers researchers a reliable source of potassium ions for experimental procedures. With its sterile filtered formulation, CellPro™ Potassium Chloride Solution ensures consistent and reproducible results, empowering researchers in their molecular biology experiments.