421 Results for: "Fujifilm Irvine Scientific"

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and functions as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage development. BMP proteins are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. Active BMP-2 consists of forming a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related BMP, such as BMP-7. BMP-2 signals through type I and type II receptor tyrosine kinases in conjuction with SMAD proteins to directly promote osteoblast differentiation. BMP-2 is also important during cardiac development and supports epicardial cell migration.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Cytokines for polarizing T cells into T regulatory cells. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that suppress immune function. They are characterized by the expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 and are known to produce immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β 1 and IL-10. Tregs can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of IL-2 and TGF-β 1 with CD3 and CD28 stimulation. In some cases cells are also cultured with neutralizing antibodies to IL-4, IFNγ and IL-12 and/or retinoic acid.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) is expressed by epithelial cells, activated macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells to regulate immune responses. IL-1α signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1α and the independently regulated IL-1β protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and EGF signaling.PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatized tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

CTGrade GMP rh GM-CSF is a recombinant human protein that is produced from E. coli and is designed to support preclinical and clinical research, as well as commercial applications.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Cytokines for cell culture of mouse glioma cells. A glioma is a generic term used to describe tumors that arise from the glia tissue of the brain that supports and surrounds neurons. Glioma tumor cells can be successfully cultured ex vivo with EGF, FGF-basic (or FGF-2), and PDGFs (AA and BB).

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Interleukin 34 (IL-34) was originally identified in humans, by large scale screening of secreted proteins; orthologs have also been found in chimpanzee, murine, rat and chicken. Human IL-34 is synthesized as a 242 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 20 aa signal sequence and a 222 aa mature chain. IL-34 is secreted as a homodimer and contains one potential N-glycosylation site.  IL-34 increases proliferation of immune cells known as monocytes; it elicits its activity by binding the Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF-1R). Expression of IL-34 is most abundant in the spleen and is expressed in many other tissues including the heart, brain, liver, kidney, thymus, intestine and lung. Human IL-34 contains a C-terminal 6x-polyhistidine (6xHis) tag. 

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Cytokines for the differentation of mouse monycyte-derived dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are an important type of immune cell that function to activate T and B cells via their role as an antigen presenting cells. Monocytes isolated from bone marrow can be differentiated to immature dendritic cells (iDCs) through culturing in the presence of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The characteristics of monocyte-derived iDCs are detectable after culture with IL-4/GM-CSF and include: the down regulation of CD14 surface expression, an increase in dextran uptake and an increased response to MIP-1α. Subsequent culturing with pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) can further differentiate the iDCs into mature dendritic cells (mDCs) that have full T cell stimulating capacity. This bundle includes 1x 100 μg of Recombinant Mouse IL-4 and 1x 100 μg of Recombinant Mouse GM-CSF.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of human hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of TPO, SCF, and FLT-3 Ligand for short time periods allows CD34+ cells to proliferate without decreasing CD34 expression, thus retaining their stem cell properties. The combination of these cytokines allows for the ex vivo expansion of the most immature hematopoietic stem cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations, but can be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages. For example, GM-CSF and/or G-CSF can be added to promote monocytes and granulocytes while EPO can be added to promote erthroid cells.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), also called CCL5, is a chemokine produced by T cells three to five days after T cell activation. RANTES signals through G protein-coupled receptors CCR5, CCR3, CCR1, and through the human CMV-encoded viral receptor US28. RANTES functions to recruit immune cells to inflammatory sites.

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Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family of proteins and functions to stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Activins are produced in many tissue types including the skin, gonads, lungs, and pituitary gland. Activins interact with receptor type I and type II serine/threonine protein kinases, to activate SMAD signaling and regulate diverse cellular functions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, apoptosis, and metabolism. Activin A is a homodimer comprised of two activin βA chains. Cleavage of the N-terminal propeptide renders the Activin protein biologically active. Human Activin A shares 100% amino acid sequence identity with mouse, rat, porcine, bovine, and feline Activin A proteins.

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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and exerts cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-21 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, heart, and adipose tissues. FGF-21 signaling is activated through the FGFR1c receptor and β-Klotho co-receptor. FGF-21 is an important regulator of glucose uptake and reduces cell apoptosis under stress conditions.

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Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 acts to stimulate an immune response upon infection or trauma. IL-6 has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, is capable of promoting fever, and signals through the cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex containing the IL-6Ra and gp130 chains.

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Interleukin 17AF (IL-17AF) is a heterodimer that is composed of the interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) members of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17AF is produced by T helper 17 cells (Th17) following interleukin 23 (IL-23) stimulation. IL-17AF signals through the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex and functions to regulate inflammatory responses. IL-17AF induces chemokine and airway neutrophilia production, similar in function to IL-17A and IL-17F homodimers. In regard to these functions, IL-17AF is less active than the IL-17A homodimer and shows greater activity than the IL-17F homodimer. Human and rat IL-17AF are active on mouse cells. 

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Prolactin is a hormone that is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. Prolactin acts in an endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine manner. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is expressed on many cell types, including cells of the reproductive organs, central nervous system, and breast cancer. Prolactin signal transduction occurs via JAK kinase signaling pathways. The primary function of prolactin is to regulate lactation, but prolactin also plays functional roles in the immune system and during cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation.

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Neuregulin 1-beta (NRG1-β) is one of many alternatively-spliced isoforms of the NRG1 gene and contains a soluble EGF-like domain. The EGF-like domain of NRG1-β signals through the ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinases. NRG1-β is an important growth factor involved in neuroinflammation, nerve regeneration, and cardiovascular processes.

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Galectin-1 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins and binds glycans as both a monomer and a homodimer. Galectin-1 is produced in peripheral lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites. Galectin-1 plays important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, cell growth, cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis of activated T cells. Galectin-1 also modulates cytokine secretion and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

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Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is an important fetal growth hormone made by theca cells during gestation. IGF-II engages the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) to mediate embryonic growth. IGF-II also binds the sink IGF-II receptor (IGF2R) leading to IGF-II degradation.

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Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFNγ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation.

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Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) is a member of the CXC cytokine family and is produced by macrophages, epithelial, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. IL-8 binds the G protein-coupled serpentine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. IL-8 recruits innate immune cells, induces phagocytosis, and stimulates angiogenesis.

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Growth regulated protein alpha (GRO-α), also known as CXCL1, is a chemokine that has mitogenic properties and is a neutrophil chemoattractant. GRO-α is secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and melanomas. GRO-α signals through the CXCR2 chemokine receptor and is important during spinal cord formation, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection. Human and mouse GM-CSF show no cross-reactivity.

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Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3 ligand) is a growth factor that regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation. FLT-3 ligand signaling is transmitted through the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) receptor. FLT-3 ligand promotes the long-term expansion and differentiation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7) or in combination of IL-7 and interleukin 3 (IL-3).

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Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) is a growth factor that is important during embryonic development, especially during lung, limb, brain, heart, and kidney morphogenesis. FGF-10 is expressed in mesenchymal cells and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal signaling through binding the epithelially expressed FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b). FGF-10 also functions as a mitogen for keratinizing epidermal cells, and induces the migration and invasion of cancer cells.

Supplier: Fujifilm Irvine Scientific

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an important pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 signals through a receptor complex containing two receptors, IL-6Rα and gp130.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is produced by injured or infected tissues. MCP-1 signals through the CCR2 and CCR4 G protein-coupled receptors to recruit memory T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family that is made by a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. LIF signals through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimer to activate STAT3 and MAPK signaling. LIF functions during hematopoietic differentiation, neuronal cell differentiation, kidney development, and inflammatory processes. Human LIF may also be an important factor during human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal, pluripotency, and embryonic implantation.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) expression in monocytes, and promotes T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is up-regulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR-1) is expressed in most tissues and is activated by soluble and membrane-bound tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNFR-1 activates NF-κB and MAPK pathways to induce inflammation, promote apoptotic cell death, inhibit tumorigenesis, and inhibit viral replication.