433 Results for: "Biosensis"

Supplier: Biosensis

GDNF is a glycosylated, disulfide-bonded homodimer molecule. It was first discovered as a potent survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons and was then shown to rescue these neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDNF is about 100 times more efficient survival factor for spinal motor neurons than the neurotrophins. FUNCTION: Neurotrophic factor that enhances survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. SUBUNIT: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 2 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. DISEASE: Defects in GDNF may be a cause of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). In association with mutations of RET gene, defects in GDNF may be involved in Hirschsprung disease. This genetic disorder of neural crest development is characterized by the absence of intramural ganglion cells in the hindgut, often resulting in intestinal obstruction. DISEASE: Defects in GDNF are a cause of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS); also known as congenital failure of autonomic control or Ondine curse. CCHS is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal control of respiration in the absence of neuromuscular or lung disease, or an identifiable brain stem lesion. A deficiency in autonomic control of respiration results in inadequate or negligible ventilatory and arousal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxemia. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.

Supplier: Biosensis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) is a nuclear hormone receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription (Ref: SWISSPROT).

Supplier: Biosensis

Peptide YY (PYY) is secreted from endocrine cells in the lower small intestine, colon and pancreas. PYY inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion, has a vasoconstrictory action and inhibitis jejunal and colonic mobility (Ref: SWISS-Prot).

Supplier: Biosensis

The Lamin proteins are members of the intermediate filament protein family but are located inside the nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm (1). The lamins function as skeletal components tightly associated with the inner nuclear membrane. Originally the proteins of the nuclear cytoskeleton were named Lamin A, B and C, from top to bottom as visualized on SDS-PAGE gels. Subsequently it was found that Lamins A and C were coded for by a single gene (2), while the Lamin B band may contain two proteins encoded by two genes now called Lamin B1 and Lamin B2. Lamin A has a mass of about 74kDa while Lamin C is 65kDa. The Lamin A protein includes 98 amino acids missing from Lamin C, while Lamin C has a C-terminal 6 amino acid peptide not present in Lamin A. Apart from these regions Lamin A and C are identical so that antibodies raised against either protein are likely to cross react with the other, as is the case with this monoclonal. Lamin polymerization and depolymerization is regulated by phosphorylation by cyclin dependent protein kinase 1 (CDK1), the key component of "maturation promoting factor", the central regulator of cell division. Activity of this kinase increases during cell division and is responsible for the breakdown of the nuclear lamina. Mutations in the LMNA gene are associated with several serious human diseases, including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, familial partial lipodystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2B1, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. This family of diseases belong to a larger group which are often referred to as Laminopathies, though some laminopathies are associated in defects in Lamin B1, B2 or one or other of the numerous nuclear lamina binding proteins. A truncated version of lamin A, commonly known as progerin, causes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, a form of premature aging (3).

Supplier: Biosensis

Neurofilaments can be defined as the intermediate or 10nm diameter filaments found in neuronal cells. They are composed a mixture of subunits which often includes the neurofilament triplet proteins, NF-L, NF-M and NF-H. Neurofilaments may also include peripherin, alpha-internexin, nestin and in some cases vimentin. Alpha-internexin is a ~66 kDa Class IV intermediate filament subunit expressed in large amounts early in neuronal development, but is downregulated in many neurons as development procedes. Many classes of mature neurons contain alpha-internexin in addition to NF-L, NF-M and NF-H. In some mature neurons alpha-internexin is the only neurofilament subunit expressed. Antibodies to alpha-internexin are therefore unique probes to study and classify neuronal types and follow their processes in sections and in tissue culture. In addition the very early developmental expression of alpha-internexin means its presence is an early and convenient diagnostic feature of neuronal progenitors cells and other cell committed to the neuronal lineage.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. It stimulates division and differentiation of sympathetic and embryonic sensory neurons. SUBUNIT: Homodimer, associated by noncovalent forces. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Supplier: Biosensis

Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR) and upon binding to the receptor it induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. This ligand has an appetite-stimulating effect and is involved in growth regulation.

Supplier: Biosensis

AGRP is the endogenous antagonist of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and has been shown to cause potent stimulation of food intake, and this protein is found in over 90% of Neuropeptide Y containing cells in rats.

Supplier: Biosensis

The heat shock proteins were discovered, as the name suggests, since they are heavily upregulated when cells are stressed by temperatures above the normal physiological range. They are expressed in unstressed cells also and have a normal function as chaperones, helping other proteins to fold correctly, and are required in much greater amounts if the cell or tissue is stressed by heat. The increased levels are generated transcriptionally under the influence of a powerful transcription factor, the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). The different heat shock proteins were originally named based on their SDS-PAGE mobility, so HSP27 has an apparent molecular weight of 27kDa. It is an abundant protein even under non-stress conditions and frequently shows up as a major spot on 2 dimensional gels of cells or tissues. It is known to associate with a variety of other proteins such as actin, intermediate filament subunits and ubiquitin and is found both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells. HSP27 can become heavily phosphorylated under the influence of multiple protein kinases particularly as a result of activation of the p38/SAPK pathway. Upregulation of this protein is protective against neurodegenerative diseases at least in certain mouse models (1). Point mutations in the HSP27 gene are associated with two neurological diseases, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2F and distal hereditary motor neuropathy IIB (2). These diseases are associated with axonal loss apparently following defects in the transport of neurofilaments.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Neuropeptides that play a significant role in the regulation of food intake and sleep-wakefulness, possibly by coordinating the complex behavioral and physiologic responses of these complementary homeostatic functions. A broader role in the homeostatic regulation of energy metabolism, autonomic function, hormonal balance and the regulation of body fluids, is also suggested. Orexin-A binds to both OX1R and OX2R with a high affinity, whereas orexin-B binds only to OX2R with a similar high affinity. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Endoplasmic reticulum; rough endoplasmic reticulum. Associated with perikaryal rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as cytoplasmic large granular vesicles at synapses. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the orexin family.

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Uncoupling Protein 3 (UCP3) belongs to the mitochondrial carrier family. Located in the mitochondrion inner membrane, UCP3 creates proton leaks across the membrane thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation (Ref: SWISSPROT).

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Seems to promotes the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Brain and peripheral tissues. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Supplier: Biosensis

Coronins belong to the WD40 or WD family of proteins. Coronins appear to be particularly involved in binding to actin, actin associated proteins, tubulin and phospholipase C and have been implicated in the mechanisms of chemotaxis and phagocytosis. In mammals there are at least five major coronin proteins, named coronins 1 to 5 in one nomenclature. Another nomenclature divides these five proteins in coronins 1a and 1b, 2a, 2b and 2c (see the Human Genone Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee link for this family). The mammalian coronin family members are abundant components of eukaryotic cells and each type has a restricted cell type specific expression pattern. Coronin 1A is found exclusively in hematopoetic lineage cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. This antibody is therefore an excellent marker of cells of this lineage and can also be used to study the leading edges particularly of neutrophils. Since the only hematopoetic cells found within the central nervous system are microglia, this antibody is also an excellent marker of this important cell type. Microglia are numerically fairly minor components of the nervous system, but microglial activation is seen in response to a wide variety of damage and disease states, including ALS, Alzheimer's disease and responses to brain tumors. Since coronin 1a is a constitutive component of microglia, the coronin 1a antibody can be used to study both quiescent and activated microglia.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Target-derived survival factor for peripheral sensory sympathetic neurons. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highest levels in prostate, lower levels in thymus, placenta, and skeletal muscle. Expressed in embryonic and adult tissues. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

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GFAP is a 50 kDa intra-cytoplasmic filamentous protein of the cytoskeleton in astrocytes. During the development of the central nervous system, it is a cell-specific marker that distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells. GFAP immunoreactivity has been shown in immature oligodendrocytes, epiglottic cartilage, pituicytes, papillary meningiomas, myoepithelial cells of the breast and in non-CNS: Schwann cells, salivary gland neoplasms, enteric glia cells, and metastasizing renal carcinomas.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Required for autophagy. SUBUNIT: Conjugated to ATG5. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 2 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Ubiquitous. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ATG12 family.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Brain and peripheral tissues. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Target-derived survival factor for peripheral sensory sympathetic neurons. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted protein. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Highest levels in prostate, lower levels in thymus, placenta, and skeletal muscle. Expressed in embryonic and adult tissues. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm; cytosol. Cell membrane. Mostly found in the axons of neurons, in the cytosol and in association with plasma membrane components. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 8 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Additional isoforms seem to exist. Isoforms differ from each other by the presence or absence of up to 5 of the 15 exons. One of these optional exons contains the additional tau/MAP repeat. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in neurons. Isoform PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Four-repeat (type II) tau is expressed in an adult-specific manner and is not found in fetal brain, whereas three-repeat (type I) tau is found in both adult and fetal brain. DOMAIN: The tau/MAP repeat binds to tubulin. In Alzheimer disease, the neuronal cytoskeleton in the brain is progressively disrupted and replaced by tangles of paired helical filaments and straight filaments, mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated forms of Microtubule-associated protein Tau. Defects in Microtubule-associated protein Tau are a cause of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, as well as a number of other neurodegenerative diseases.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Involved in redox regulation of the cell. Can reduce hydrogen peroxide and short chain organic, fatty acid, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. May play a role in the regulation of phospholipid turnover as well as in protection against oxidative injury. SUBUNIT: Homotetramer. May interact with HTR2A. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm. Lysosome. Also found in lung secretory organelles. MISCELLANEOUS: The active site is the redox-active Cys-47 oxidized to Cys-SOH. Cys-SOH may rapidly react with a Cys-SH of the other subunit to form an intermolecular disulfide with a concomitant homodimer formation. The enzyme may be subsequently regenerated by reduction of the disulfide by thioredoxin . MISCELLANEOUS: Irreversibly inactivated by overoxidation of Cys-47 (to Cys-SO(3)H) upon oxidative stress. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ahpC/TSA family. Rehydrin subfamily.

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Peroxiredoxin-5 has a role in intracellular redox signaling.

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Peroxiredoxin-2 has a role in redox regulation of the cell.

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Peripherin is a class-III neuronal intermediate filament protein found in certain classes of neuron, most of which are located in the peripheral nervous system.

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Neurofilaments are composed of three intermediate filament proteins: light (~68 kDa), medium (~160 kDa) and heavy (~200 kDa), which are involved in the maintenance of the neuronal caliber. Neurofilament medium runs on SDS-PAGE gels in the range 145-170 kDa, with some variation in different species.

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Vimentins are class-III intermediate filaments specific to mesenchymal tissue. Vimentin is an important cytoskeletal component responsible for maintaining cell integrity and has a probable role in the intracellular transport of proteins such as lipoproteins between the nucleus and plasma membrane. Immunohistochemical staining for Vimentin is characteristic of sarcomas. 

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1/Tip60 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity. Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. May be involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. FUNCTION: Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. Rat and mouse beta-amyloid peptides bind only weakly transient metals and have little reducing activity due to substitutions of transient metal chelating residues. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation (By similarity). FUNCTION: The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis. SUBUNIT: Binds, via its C-terminus, to the PID domain of several cytoplasmic proteins, including APBB family members, the APBA family, MAPK8IP1, SHC1, Numb and Dab1. Binding to Dab1 inhibits its serine phosphorylation. Also interacts with GPCR-like protein BPP, FPRL1, APPBP1, IB1, KNS2 (via its TPR domains), APPBP2 (via BaSS) and DDB1. In vitro, it binds MAPT via the MT-binding domains. Associates with microtubules in the presence of ATP and in a kinesin-dependent manner. Interacts, through a C-terminal domain, with GNAO1. Amyloid beta-42 binds CHRNA7 in hippocampal neurons. Beta-amyloid associates with HADH2. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: different isoforms in different tissues: kidney. brain. liver. hippocampus, substania nigra pars compacta and cerebellum. In the cerebellum, all the isoforms are abundantly expressed in Purkinje cells.

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SF3B4 is one of 8 subunits of splicing factor SF3B. SF3B4 is ubiquitously expressed in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, although it migrates into the cytoplasm of dividing cells.

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The Myc tag contains the amino acids Glu-Gln-Lys-Leu-Ile-Ser-Glu-Glu-Asp-Leu (E-Q-K-L-I-S-E-E-D-L) corresponding to amino acids 410-419 of human Myc. This tag is widely used for monitoring expression of recombinant proteins in bacteria, insect and mammalian cells.

Supplier: Biosensis

Galectin 3 is a lectin with carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) which bind -galactoside. It is a multifunctional protein expressed both on the cell surface, cytoplasm and nucleus and appears to have roles in specific carbohydrate binding and in the regulation of mRNA splicing.

Supplier: Biosensis

FUNCTION: Cysteine protease required for autophagy, which cleaves the C-terminal part of either MAP1LC3, GABARAPL2 or GABARAP, allowing the liberation of form I. A subpopulation of form I is subsequently converted to a smaller form (form II). Form II, with a revealed C-terminal glycine, is considered to be the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated form, and has the capacity for the binding to autophagosomes. ENZYME REGULATION: Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm (Probable). ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS: 5 named isoforms produced by alternative splicing. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Mainly expressed in the skeletal muscle, followed by brain, heart, liver and pancreas. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the peptidase C54 family.