You searched for: Proteins and Peptides

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a member of the Hedgehog family of secreted signaling proteins that has a prominent role in patterning during early mammalian development (Ho and Scott). It is expressed during early embryogenesis in a variety of tissues (Finco et al.). During patterning of the central nervous system, Shh directly acts on cells to specify neural cell fates, regulates proliferation and survival of oligodendrocytes precursors and neural crest cells and stimulates proliferation, differentiation and axon growth (Ho and Scott; Martí). Shh also regulates T cell differentiation and activation (Crompton et al.). Recombinant human Shh (C24II; rhShh) is a fully biologically active molecule.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is characterized by high affinity binding to various EGF receptors (EGFRs) and the production of mitogenic responses (Carpenter and Cohen). EGF promotes EGFR dimerization, resulting in activation of downstream pathways including PI3K, ERK1/2, JAK/STAT, β-catenin, and calcium signaling. EGF is secreted by the gut-associated salivary and Brunner’s glands, is found in a variety of body fluids, and stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation in rodent and neonatal human intestine (Wright et al.). Central nervous system stem cells also proliferate in response to the EGF stimulus (Reynolds and Weiss).

Supplier: Anaspec Inc

The sequence (Accession # NP_001116849) corresponding to the full length human DJ-1 protein along with N-terminal GST tag was expressed in E. coli. The recombinant DJ-1 protein was purified from bacterial lysate using GST affinity chromatography followed by GST tag cleavage and removal. The molecular weight of the recombinant DJ-1 protein is 19.9 kDa.
DJ-1 is also known as PARK7 (Parkinson disease protein 7). It is a 189-amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed in many organs including brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, and others. Although DJ-1 was originally discovered as a novel oncogene product, it was found to play several other roles in biological processes. This includes the regulation of RNA binding activity, fertility, anti-oxidative stress, and is linked to the early onset of Parkinson disease when mutated. Sequence (Accession# NP_001116849) corresponds to the full length human DJ-1 protein and was expressed in E. coli.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD27 (TNFRSF7) is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily limited to cells of the lymphoid lineage and exists as both a dimeric glycoprotein on the cell surface and as a soluble protein in serum. As a T and B cell co-stimulatory molecule, the activity of CD27 is governed by its TNF-like ligand CD70 on lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The CD27-CD70 interaction is required for Th1 generation responses to differentiation signals and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity, and meanwhile, plays a key role in regulating B cell differentiation, activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. The CD27 receptor transduces signals and subsequently leads to the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK, mediated by the adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF5. In addition, the proapoptotic protein SIVA is capable of binding the cytoplasmic tail of CD27 and exerts action in the process of apoptosis.

Supplier: Anaspec Inc

The Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) anchors virulence and colonization-associated surface proteins to the cell wall. SrtA selectively recognizes a C-terminal LPXTG motif. SrtA readily reacts with its native substrate Abz-LPETG-Dap(DNP)-NH2, cleaving it and catalyzing the formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl group of threonine and the amino group of cell-wall crossbridges. Cleavage of this FRET substrate can be monitored at Ex/Em=320 nm/420 nm.
Sequence:Abz-LPETG-K(Dnp)-NH2
MW:928 Da
% peak area by HPLC:95
Storage condition:-20° C

Supplier: Adipogen

Progranulin (PGRN) is a widely expressed pluripotent growth factor which plays a role in processes such as development, wound repair and inflammation by activating signaling cascades that control cell cycle progression and cell motility. Its function in the central nervous system is of interest, as mutations in the PGRN gene were found in cases of frontotemporal degeneration (FTLD). In addition, PGRN has also been linked to tumorigenesis. Progranulin is a biomarker for FTLD, other types of Alzheimer‘s Disease (AD) and potentially for MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment). Additionally, PGRN is described as a new ligand of TNF receptors and a potential therapeutic against inflammatory disease like arthritis.

Supplier: Adipogen

Betatrophin (RIFL; Lipasin; Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8)) is a newly discovered secreted protein of 198 aa that was proposed to promote beta cell proliferation and improve glucose tolerance in mice. Betatrophin may also function in inhibition of lipase activity and on serum triglyceride regulation. Betatrophin is expressed in the liver and in white and brown adipose tissue of mice. In humans, betatrophin is found to be predominantly expressed in the liver. Betatrophin levels are reduced by fasting and are elevated upon insulin resistance and during pregnancy. Betatrophin, according to preliminary data could bind to the macrophage receptor Marco and also to RTN4R, a neuronal receptor. Recently, a study using ANGPTL8 KO mice showed that ANGPTL8/Betatrophin does not play a role in beta cell proliferation nor in glycemic control as previously thought, but regulates plasma triglyceride levels.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD154 (CD40 ligand) is a member of the TNF family and is expressed on the surface of activated T cells. It can undergo proteolytic cleavage into a 19kDa immunologically active soluble form. Interaction of CD154 and CD40 is essential for isotype switching in B cells. Known genetic defects that alter this interaction lead to impaired immune system function. Increased levels of CD154 has been associated with autoimmune disorders including SLE, CLL and eosinophilic fasciitis. CD154 has been reported to be expressed on vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages and activated platelets indicating a role for the CD40-CD154 immunoregulatory signaling in artherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 133 amino acid glycoprotein with one intramolecular disulfide bond and variable glycosylation. It is secreted by activated T cells and induces proliferation and maturation of activated T cells, natural killer cells, and lymphokine activated killer cells. IL-2 also stimulates proliferation of antibody-producing B cells, activates neutrophils, and induces mononuclear cells to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and -beta. Moreover, studies have shown that IL-2 is required for activation-induced apoptosis, an important hemeostatic mechanism in the immune system, which is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens.

Supplier: Adipogen

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) acts as a growth factor that increases the number of immune cells (lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)) by activating the hematopoietic progenitors. It binds to FLT3 (CD135) which is found on multipotent progenitor (MPP) and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells in mice. FLT3L induces the mobilization of the hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in vivo which may help the system to kill cancer cells. FLT3L is crucial for steady-state pDC (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and cDC (classical dendritic cells) development. Deficiency of FLT3L causes a dramatic decrease in DC numbers, whereas increasing its availability increase in DC numbers.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic alpha-helical cytokine that plays important roles in acute phase reactions, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and cancer progression. IL-6 activity is essential for the transition from acute inflammation to either acquired immunity or chronic inflammatory disease. It is secreted by multiple cell types as a 22kDa-28kDa phosphorylated and variably glycosylated molecule. IL-6 induces signaling through a cell surface heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a ligand binding subunit (IL-6R) and a signal transducing subunit (gp130). IL-6 is a key factor for the growth of plasma cells.

Supplier: Anaspec Inc

The P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) is the most abundant antigen expressed on the surface of P. falciparum sporozoites. This pre-erythrocytic antigen contains a stretch of 6 highly conserved, immunodominant tetrapeptide repeats (NANP) in the middle, while its N- and C-terminal regions contain two crucial protective regions termed RI and RII-plus, respectively. Both play key roles during parasite invasion. PfCSP has been the main target antigen in the development of preerythrocytic malaria vaccines, including subunit proteins with adjuvants or attenuated viral platforms. Studies show that high titers of antibodies directed to PfCSP are believed to interrupt the invasion of hepatocytes by blood-borne sporozoites, thereby abrogating the development of blood-stage malaria.
Sequence:NANPNANPNANPNANPNANPNANPC
MW:2499.6 Da
% peak area by HPLC:95
Storage condition:-20° C

Supplier: Adipogen

CCL2, also called monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), is a member of the C-C or beta chemokine family that is best known as a chemotactic agent for mononuclear cells. Fibroblasts, glioma cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes can produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon mitogenic stimulation, but monocytes and macrophages appear to be the major source. In addition to its chemotactic activity, CCL2 induces enzyme and cytokine release by monocytes, NK cells and lymphocytes, and histamine release by basophils that express its receptor CCR2. Additionally, it promotes Th2 polarization in CD4+ T cells. CCL2-mediated recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation is proposed to play a role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and allergic asthma.

Supplier: Adipogen

T cells require a signal induced by the engagement of the T cell receptor and a costimulatory signal(s) through distinct T cell surface molecules for optimal T cell activation and tolerance. CD273 (PD-L2) is one of two ligands for programmed death-1 (PD-1; CD279), a member of the CD28 family of immunoreceptors. The other identified ligand is PD-L1. CD273 is broadly expressed and also up regulated in a variety of tumor cell lines. On previously activated T cells, CD273 interaction with PD-1 inhibits TCR mediated proliferation and cytokine production, suggesting an inhibitory role in regulating immune responses. CD273 has a costimulatory function on resting T cells activated with suboptimal TCR signals.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 2 is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and regulates diverse cellular phenotypes. Similar to TGF-β1 and -β3, TGF-β2 signals via serine-threonine kinase type I and II receptors and activates signal transduction via SMAD family proteins, regulating a variety of functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, apoptosis, and metabolism (de Caestecker; Massague; Zuniga et al.). TGF-β2 is important in many developmental processes; for example, mice with TGF-β2 deletions show defects in the development of cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, eye, ear, and urogenital systems (Dunker and Kreiglstein).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is characterized by high-affinity binding to various EGF receptors (EGFRs) and the production of mitogenic responses (Carpenter and Cohen). EGF promotes EGFR dimerization, resulting in activation of downstream pathways including PI3K, ERK1/2, JAK/STAT, β-catenin, and calcium signaling. EGF is secreted by the gut-associated salivary and Brunner’s glands, is found in a variety of body fluids, and stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation in rodent and neonatal human intestine (Wright et al.). Central nervous system stem cells also proliferate in response to the EGF stimulus (Reynolds and Weiss). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Adipogen

TRAIL-R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are receptors for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. When signaling through TRAIL-R1 and -R2, the adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. They promote the activation of NF-kappaB. TRAIL-R3 lacks a cytoplasmic death domain, and TRAIL-R4 contains a truncated death domain, and hence are not capable of inducing apoptosis. They protect cells against TRAIL mediated apoptosis by competing with TRAIL-R1 and R2 for binding to the ligand.

Supplier: BioVendor

Leptin, the product of the ob (obese) gene, is a single-chain 16 kDa proteohormone consisting of 146 amino acid residues. Leptin is produced by differentiated adiocytes, although production have been demonstrated in other tissues, such as fundus of the stomach, the sceletal muscle, the liver, and the placenta. Leptin is considered to play an important role in appetite control, fat metabolism and body weight regulation. It targets the central nervous system, in particular the hypothalamus, suppressing food intake and stimulating energy expenditure. In humans, leptin levels correlate with body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat, and are elevated even in obese individuals. Leptin has a dual action; it decreases the appetite and increases energy consumption, causing more fat to be burned.

Supplier: Adipogen

Semaphorin 4A (Sema4A, previously semB) is a Class 4 transmembrane Semaphorin with activity in the immune and nervous systems. Sema4A was first described as a molecule that enhances T cell activation and interacts with TIM2 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 2). Mice with targeted disruption of Sema4A show defects in dendritic cellmediated T cell priming and Th1 responses. Roles for Sema4A have also been identified in the brain, the endothelium and the eye. It mediates hippocampal neuron growth cone collapse in vitro through interaction of the sema domain with plexinB1. Interaction of Sema4A with endothelial cell plexinD1 causes opposition to the angiogenic, proliferative, chemotactic and integrin mediated adhesive actions of VEGF.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD274 (B7-H1; PD-L1; Programmed Death Ligand) is a member of the B7 family and is expressed on a variety of tissues including lymphoid cells. It plays an important role in regulation of T cell activation and is involved in progression of cancer, arthritis and HIV infection. CD274 binding to its receptor CD279 (PD-1) on activated T cells can decrease proliferation. Conversely, ligation of CD279 on primed T cells can stimulate IL-10 production. High levels of CD274 present in renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Tumor expressed CD274 can increase apoptosis of tumor specific T cells resulting in better tumor cell survival.

Supplier: Adipogen

Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF), and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation, and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell, and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.

Supplier: Adipogen

APRIL is a cytokine that belongs to the TNF superfamily and binds to TACI and BCMA. It is implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth, is involved in monocyte/macrophage-mediated immunological processes and functions as an important survival factor for plasmablasts and bone marrow plasma cells. MultimericAPRIL™ is a high activity construct in which two trimeric APRIL ligands are artificially linked via the collagen domain of ACRP30. This construct very effectively stimulates proliferation B cell. A basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the N-terminus of APRIL is required for binding to negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans mediate binding of APRIL to tumor cells as well as primary lymphoid cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family and has been identified as an important regulator of energy metabolism connecting nutrition, growth, reproduction and longevity. FGF-21 lacks the heparin-binding domain of most FGF proteins, allowing its secretion. FGF-21 is abundantly expressed in adipose tissues, liver and pancreas. In adipose tissue, FGF-21 promotes glucose uptake and oxidation and in liver it replenishes on fasting the tissues with fuel on low nutritional supply. It also induces lipolysis and ketogenesis. FGF-21 acts through FGF receptors (FGFR) associated with the auxiliary protein beta-Klotho. Recently, FGF-21 has been reported to interact directly with the brain circadian clock to coordinate activity and reproduction as part of the adaptation to fasting. Due to its multiple functions of normalizing glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis, FGF-21 represents an attractive novel therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11) is a member of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family. It binds to the TGF-β receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7 and activates the SMAD signaling pathway (Ho et al.). GDF-11 regulates the development of the olfactory system, retina, and pancreas, as well as anterior/posterior patterning of the axial skeleton (Lee and Lee). GDF-11 is an endocrine factor expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, and dental pulp (Kondás et al.). Studies in mice showed that GDF-11 regulates muscle and cardiac aging, and stimulates neurogenesis by remodeling blood vessels (Katsimpardi et al.; Loffredo et al.; Sinha et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine produced by type 2 helper T cells, the Th2 cells. These cells tends to make a specific set of lymphokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-3 and GM-CSF and fail to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and lymphotoxin (TNF-beta). In addition, mast cells can produce IL-4. IL-4 exerts numerous effects on various hematopoietic cell types. On B cells, IL-4 promotes immunoglobulin class switching to IgE and IgG1 isotypes and upregulates MHC class II and CD23 expression. IL-4 promotes survival, growth, and differentiation of both T and B lymphocytes, mast cells and endothelial cells. In addition, IL-4 inhibits the production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 by macrophages.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fetuin B is thought to have functions in female fertility, metabolism, and liver disease. A protease inhibitor belonging to the fetuin family of proteins, within the cystatin superfamily, fetuin b’s structure includes two cystatin domains (CY1 and CY2) connected by a linker, with a CPDCP-trunk and a C-terminal region (CTR) (Cuppari et al.). This plasma protein originates in the liver (Denecke et al.) and acts to inhibit the activity of ovastacin, a metalloprotease that causes the zona pellucida to harden, leading to female infertility (Karmilin et al.). Fetuin B has also been reported to increase apoptosis, and inhibit migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, in in vitro and in vivo settings (Zhan et al.). Elevated serum fetuin B has been linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Zhu et al.). This protein contains a His-residue tag at the carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, apolipoprotein H from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥ 92% purity, and is verified by LAL analysis to ensure endotoxin levels are ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: Adipogen

Neuregulin-4 (Nrg4) belongs to a small family of EGF-like (EGFL) domain-containing proteins that are synthesized as transmembrane precursors and undergo proteolytic cleavage. The EGF-like domain (aa 5-46) of Nrg4 (aa 1-53) directly binds to the receptors ErbB3 and 4. Nrg4 is a cold induced adipokine, highly expressed in adipose tissues and enriched in brown fat. It is increased during brown adipocyte differentiation and reduced in rodent and human obesity. It promotes neurite outgrowth and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through attenuating hepatic lipogenic signaling. This hepatic effect of Nrg4 is mediated by ErbB3 and ErbB4 signaling that negatively regulates de novo lipogenesis mediated by LXR and SREBP1c. This effect of Nrg4 on fatty liver and insulin resistance could lead to the development of Nrg4 as an effective therapeutic biological for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. GST-Nrg4 (aa 1-53) recombinant protein has been shown to mimic the effect of endogenous secreted Nrg4 on liver lipogenesis.

Supplier: Adipogen

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin or cachectin and formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. MultimericTNF-alpha™ is a high activity construct in which two trimeric TNF-alpha ligands are artificially linked via the collagen domain of ACRP30. The receptor TNF-R1 is activated by both the membrane-bound and soluble trimeric forms of TNF-alpha, whereas the receptor TNF-R2 only responds to the membrane-bound form of TNF-alpha (TNF-alpha (human) (multimeric) (rec.) (Prod. No. AG-40B-0019). Since the MultimericTNF-alpha™ mimics the membrane-bound form (forms oligomers higher than trimer), it is the only TNF-alpha protein that can activate the TNF-R2. For TNF-R1 activation, either "normal" TNF-alpha or MultimericTNF-alpha™ can be used.

Supplier: Anaspec Inc

Renin, a highly specific aspartyl protease, cleaves angiotensinogen, produced in the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme). Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, leading to increased blood pressure. It also increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex. Since an overactive renin-angiotensin system leads to hypertension, renin is proposed as a therapeutic target for this disease.

Recombinant rat pro-renin was expressed in HEK cells. Purified enzyme was converted to the active renin by tryptic activation followed by removal of trypsin. The molecular mass of active rat renin is approximately 40 kDa. The activity of enzyme can be measured in FRET-based assays

Supplier: BioVendor

Adiponectin, also referred to as Acrp30, AdipoQ and GBP-28, is a recently discovered 244 aminoacid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells. The protein belongs to the soluble defence collagen superfamily; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. Adiponectin forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum. Together, these complexes make up approximately 0.01% of total serum protein. Adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 have been recently cloned; AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. Paradoxically, adipose tissue-expressed adiponectin levels are inversely related to the degree of adiposity. Adiponectin concentrations correlate negatively with glucose, insulin, triglyceride concentrations, liver fat content and body mass index and positively with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.