You searched for: Proteins and Peptides

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Neutrophil activating peptide 2 (NAP-2), also known as CXCL7, is a member of the CXC family of chemokines. NAP-2 is a carboxyl-terminal fragment produced by proteolytic cleavage of the platelet basic protein (PBP). NAP-2 is released from platelets and binds to the receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 to chemoattract and activate neutrophils during inflammatory events. 

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is produced by injured or infected tissues. MCP-1 signals through the CCR2 and CCR4 G protein-coupled receptors to recruit memory T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation.

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Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) families and functions to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 β), also known as CCL4, is produced by macrophages and functions as a mitogen-inducible cytokine. MIP-1 β signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5 to chemoattract immune cells.

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a growth factor that is produced by liver and kidney tissues. TPO binds the TPO receptor (CD110) to promote megakaryocyte maturation, differentiation, and the production of platelets.

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Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG or CXCL9) is a T cell chemoattractant during neuroinflammatory events. MIG production is stimulated by interferon gamma (IFNɣ) and signals through the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation.

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Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 4 (MCP-4), also called CCL13, is induced by inflammatory proteins such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). MCP-4 is a ligand for the G protein coupled chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5. MCP-4 activates signaling in monocytes, T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils during inflammation and allergic responses.

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of neuronal cell populations, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmitter synthesis. CNTF also plays an important protective role during nervous system injury.

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Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β 1) is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of cytokines. Members of this family exhibit regulatory activity in immunity, proliferation, adhesion, migration, and growth inhibition pathways. TGF-β 1signals through SMAD proteins via the TGF-bRI and TGF-bRII receptors.

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Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are multifunctional peptides that regulate growth and differentiation in most cell types. The TGF-β family of proteins signal through serine/threonine kinase receptors. TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and –β3) have overlapping, yet distinct biological actions in developing and adult tissues. TGF-β3 is an important factor in regulating cell adhesion and accelerating wound repair. TGF-β3 also functions during osteoblast proliferation, chemotaxis, and collagen synthesis.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is produced by injured or infected tissues. MCP-1 signals through the CCR2 and CCR4 G protein-coupled receptors to recruit memory T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation.

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Procalcitonin is a precursor of the peptide hormone calcitonin. Procalcitonin is mainly produced by the neuroendocrine cells of the lung and thyroid gland, but may be secreted ubiquitously during inflammation or infection. Under normal expression conditions, procalcitonin is immediately cleaved into three specific fragments: calcitonin, katacalcin, and an N terminal residue. Levels of unprocessed procalcitonin are significantly increased after bacterial infection, inflammation, trauma, or shock.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3), also called CCL7, is produced by macrophages and tumor cell lines. MCP-3 signals through the G protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3. MCP-3 chemoattracts monocytes and regulates macrophage function during inflammation and metastasis.

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Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2), also known as CXCL2, is a small cytokine that is secreted by monocytes and neutrophils at sites of inflammation. MIP-2 functions through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 to act as a chemotactic agent for leukocytes and hematopoietic cells.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways.

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Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) is a critical mitogenic factor that is required for normal development of the eye, ear, brain, and limb. FGF-8 functions broadly to promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Overexpression of FGF-8 increases tumor growth and angiogenesis. Human and mouse FGF-8 proteins show 100% homology.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3 α), also called CCL20, is expressed in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes.  MIP-3 α expression is strongly induced by inflammatory signals, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). MIP-3 α signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR6 to function as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3 α), also called CCL20, is expressed in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. MIP-3 α expression is strongly induced by inflammatory signals, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). MIP-3 α signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR6 to function as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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FLT-3 Ligand is a growth factor that regulates proliferation of early hematopoietic cells. FLT-3 Ligand binds to cells expressing the tyrosine kinase receptor FLT-3.

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Growth regulated protein beta (GRO-β), also known as CXCL2, is a chemokine that is secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes at sites of inflammation. GRO-β functions as a chemoattractant for leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. GRO-β activity is mediated through binding the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR2.

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Growth regulated protein alpha (GRO-α), also known as CXCL1, is a chemokine that has mitogenic properties and is a neutrophil chemoattractant. GRO-α is secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and melanomas.  GRO-α signals through the CXCR2 chemokine receptor and is important during spinal cord formation, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing. 

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 α), also known as CCL3, is a cytokine produced by macrophages. MIP-1 α binds the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5 to induce inflammatory responses, including the recruitment of granulocytes and neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 α and MIP-1 β heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Growth regulated protein gamma (GRO-ɣ), also called CXCL3, acts through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 to promote monocyte migration and adhesion. GRO-ɣ also induces the migration of cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells.

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Indian hedgehog (IHH) is an essential signaling factor that is secreted in the gut, cartilage, and bone during embryonic development. IHH acts through the patched (PTC) receptor to induce transcriptional changes important for bone and cartilage development. IHH also induces the expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), which in turn mediates IHH activity during chondrocyte differentiation, forming a negative feedback loop.