650 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Myostatin (GDF-8), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, is a potent and negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. The recombinant myostatin propeptide binds and inhibits myostatin to enhance the repair and regeneration of injured muscle and bone.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3 α), also called CCL20, is expressed in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. MIP-3 α expression is strongly induced by inflammatory signals, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). MIP-3 α signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR6 to function as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection.

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Interleukin 17E (IL-17E), also known as IL-25, is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17E binds to the IL-17RB receptor to stimulate the secretion of the proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine and to induce the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

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Persephin is a neurotrophic factor of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. Persephin promotes survival and growth of dopaminergic and motor neurons, but not peripheral neurons. Persephin is a ligand for the RET receptor tyrosine kinase.

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Interleukin 17AF (IL-17AF) is a heterodimer that is composed of the interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) members of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17AF is produced by T helper 17 cells (Th17) following interleukin 23 (IL-23) stimulation.

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The globular subunit of adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (ACRP-30) is a naturally occurring cleavage product of adiponectin, a protein made exclusively by adipocytes. ACRP-30 is an abundant serum protein and plays an important role in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and fatty acid oxidation. ACRP-30 signals through adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2).

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of neuronal cell populations, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmitter synthesis.CNTF also plays an important protective role during nervous system injury.

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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that functions as a potent inducer of neutrophilic granulocyte proliferation, terminal differentiation, and activation. G-CSF synthesis occurs in monocyte, macrophage, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells after activation by bacterial endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), or interleukin 17 (IL-17).

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Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a member of a small group of hedgehog secreted proteins that are essential for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. There are three mammalian hedgehog homologues, sonic, desert, and indian, that signal via the Patched-1 and Patched-2 receptors. SHH is a morphogen that is essential during vertebrate organogenesis and adult stem cell division.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway.  IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types. M-CSF also acts through the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) to modulate processes involved in immunology, bone metabolism, fertility, and pregnancy. Human M-CSF shows activity on mouse cells; however, mouse M-CSF shows no activity on human cells.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. FGF-basic also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-basic binds heparin in order to signal through fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor tyrosine kinases.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Mouse IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with human IFN-γ.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. IL-5 acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. IL-5 expression is regulated by the GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) transcription factor. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Growth regulated protein alpha (GRO-α), also known as CXCL1, is a chemokine that has mitogenic properties and is a neutrophil chemoattractant. GRO-α is secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and melanomas. GRO-α signals through the CXCR2 chemokine receptor and is important during spinal cord formation, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF is overexpressed in multiple tumor cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common-gamma chain family of cytokines that are involved in immunoregulation. IL-21 is normally expressed by activated CD4+ T cells and is aberrantly expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma cells. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells.

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Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG or CXCL9) is a T cell chemoattractant during neuroinflammatory events. MIG production is stimulated by interferon gamma (IFNɣ) and signals through the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

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Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is an important member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins. NT-3 promotes the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons and synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC exclusively binds in high-affinity to NT-3. NT-3 also signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB, and through the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR).

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Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3 ligand) is a growth factor that regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation. FLT-3 ligand signaling is transmitted through the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) receptor. FLT-3 ligand promotes the long-term expansion and differentiation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7) or in combination of IL-7 and interleukin 3 (IL-3).

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Indian hedgehog (IHH) is an essential signaling factor that is secreted in the gut, cartilage, and bone during embryonic development. IHH acts through the patched (PTC) receptor to induce transcriptional changes important for bone and cartilage development. IHH also induces the expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), which in turn mediates IHH activity during chondrocyte differentiation, forming a negative feedback loop.

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Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), also known as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), is a potent mitogen that regulates epithelial cell migration and differentiation. FGF-7 is produced by mesenchymal cells and binds in high affinity to a splice variant of FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2-IIIb). The mitogenic activity of FGF-7 acts predominantly on keratinocytes, but not on fibroblast or endothelial cells. FGF-7 expression is upregulated after acute and chronic injury, suggesting that FGF-7 functions during the healing of injured epithelial cells. FGF-7 also induces the formation of the apical ectodermal ridge during limb development.

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Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs).  IL-1β signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter.