651 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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The globular subunit of adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (ACRP-30) is a naturally occurring cleavage product of adiponectin, a protein made exclusively by adipocytes. ACRP-30 is an abundant serum protein and plays an important role in hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and fatty acid oxidation. ACRP-30 signals through adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2).

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Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) families and functions to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues. GDF-5 is expressed in the central nervous system and promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDF-5 is also important during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.

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Galectin-3 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins. Galectin-3 is expressed by a wide range of cell types including activated T cells, tumor cells, macrophages, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. Galectin-3 has specific binding affinity for beta-galactoside sugar moieties and has functional roles during development, innate immunity, cell apoptosis, and tumor metastasis. Galectin-3 is associated with cancer, heart failure, stroke, and inflammation. The amino acid sequences of human and mouse Galectin-3 proteins share 80% homology.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells.

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Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family and is made by the placenta and cardiovascular tissues. GDF-15 regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways during cellular stress and injury. GDF-15 is emerging as a biomarker of early heart disease, such that increased levels of circulating GDF-15 are associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure.

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Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). IL-1β signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1β and the independently regulated IL-1α protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

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Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is an important member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins. NT-3 promotes the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons and synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC exclusively binds in high-affinity to NT-3. NT-3 also signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB, and through the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR).

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Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and is expressed by monocytes and macrophages. HB-EGF is the predominant growth factor involved in epithelialization during wound healing. HB-EGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 to maintain adult heart homeostasis, and promotes cardiac valve development through binding in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). HB-EGF binds the the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase to mediate implantation of the human blastocyst. HB-EGF also functions as a potent mitogen for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

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Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) is a growth factor that is important during embryonic development, especially during lung, limb, brain, heart, and kidney morphogenesis.FGF-10 is expressed in mesenchymal cells and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal signaling through binding the epithelially expressed FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b). FGF-10 also functions as a mitogen for keratinising epidermal cells, and induces the migration and invasion of cancer cells.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 β), also known as CCL4, is produced by macrophages and functions as a mitogen-inducible cytokine. MIP-1 β signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5 to chemoattract immune cells. MIP-1 β induces inflammatory responses, including neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 β and MIP-1 α heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). 

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with one being VEGF-121. The VEGF-121 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell function.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Interleukin 16 (IL-16) is produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and functions as a chemoattractant for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. Additionally, IL-16 upregulates the expression of the interleukin 2 receptor (CD25), modulates T lymphocyte growth, and suppresses the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV).

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Omentin is an adipokine that is produced and secreted by the small intestine, visceral adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue, and epicardial adipose tissue. Omentin enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and is a link between obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Omentin also functions as a vasodilator and plays a protective role during coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta (MIP-3 β), also called CCL19, is a chemokine that is expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes, and activated bone marrow stromal cells. MIP-3 β signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR7 to regulate normal lymphocyte recirculation. MIP-3 β also functions  during T cell trafficking to the thymus, and in T cell and B cell homing to the lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a hematopoietic cytokine produced in several tissues including the heart, liver, and prostate. TSLP induces the release of T-cell attracting chemokines from monocytes, and regulates the maturation of myeloid and epidermal dendritic cells. TSLP signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex containing the TSLP receptor (TSLP-R/CRLF2) and IL-7R alpha chain.

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Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), or CXCL10, is a chemokine secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts in response to interferon gamma (IFN-ɣ). IP-10 functions as a chemoattractant for activated T cells, monocytes, dendritic, and natural killer (NK) cells that express the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR3. IP-10 is an important factor in autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes. IL-7 signals through the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) to promote the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. IL-7 is also a regulator of intestinal mucosal lymphocyte proliferation. Human and mouse IL-7 show species cross-reactivity.

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IL-15 is a widely expressed proinflammatory cytokine that is structurally and functionally related to IL-2.

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Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) is expressed by epithelial cells, activated macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells to regulate immune responses. IL-1α signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1α and the independently regulated IL-1β protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

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Cytokines for polarizing mouse T cells into Th9 cells. Th9 cells are a unique subset of T helper cells that produce IL-9. Although the exact function of IL-9 producing T cells is yet to be completely clear it is proposed that these cells could be important in inflammation and helminth infections. Th9 cells can be generated from naive CD4+ T cells in culture by culturing them in the presence of IL-4 and TGF-β 1. It also appears that IFNγ and IL-27 can inhibit the generation of Th9 cells.

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Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3 ligand) is a growth factor that regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation. FLT-3 ligand signaling is transmitted through the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) receptor. FLT-3 ligand promotes the long-term expansion and differentiation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7) or in combination of IL-7 and interleukin 3 (IL-3).

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Interleukin 34 (IL-34) was originally identified in humans, by large scale screening of secreted proteins; orthologs have also been found in chimpanzee, murine, rat and chicken. Human IL-34 is synthesized as a 242 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 20 aa signal sequence and a 222 aa mature chain. IL-34 is secreted as a homodimer and contains one potential N-glycosylation site.  IL-34 increases proliferation of immune cells known as monocytes; it elicits its activity by binding the Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF-1R). Expression of IL-34 is most abundant in the spleen and is expressed in many other tissues including the heart, brain, liver, kidney, thymus, intestine and lung. Human IL-34 contains a C-terminal 6x-polyhistidine (6xHis) tag. 

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Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common-gamma chain family of cytokines that are involved in immunoregulation. IL-21 is normally expressed by activated CD4+ T cells. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. Within the B cell lineage, IL-21 is a switch factor regulating IgG1 and IgG3 antibody production. IL-21 also cooperates with interleukin 4 (IL-4) for the production of multiple antibody classes in B cells. IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of B, T, NK, and dendritic cells.

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IL-7 promotes the stimulation of multipotent (pluripotent) hematopoietic stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells. IL-7, along with IL-2, 15, and 21, is a member of the common gamma (γc) chain cytokine family.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatised tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family that is made by a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. LIF signals through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimer to activate STAT3 and MAPK signaling. LIF functions during hematopoietic differentiation, neuronal cell differentiation, kidney development, and inflammatory processes. Mouse LIF promotes mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and pluripotency in long-term cell culture systems, similar to the functional activity of FGF-basic in human ES cell culture systems.