"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

Cytokeratin 17 (CK17) is normally expressed in the basal cells of complex epithelia but not in stratified or simple epithelia. Antibody to CK17 is an excellent tool to distinguish myoepithelial cells from luminal epithelium of various glands such as mammary, sweat and salivary. CK17 is expressed in epithelial cells of various origins, such as bronchial epithelial cells and skin appendages. It may be considered as anepithelial stem cellmarker because CK17 Ab marks basal cell differentiation. CK17 is expressed in SCLC much higher than in LADC. Eighty-five percent of the triple negative breast carcinomas immunoreact with basal cytokeratins including anti-CK17. Also important is that cases of triple negative breast carcinoma with expression of CK17 show an aggressive clinical course. The histologic differentiation of ampullary cancer, intestinal vs. pancreatobiliary, is very important for treatment. Usually anti-CK17 and anti-MUC1 immunoreactivity represents pancreatobiliary subtype whereas anti-MUC2 and anti-CDX-2 positivity defines intestinal subtype.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a wide variety of simple epithelia. It does not react with stratified squamous epithelia. It reacts with epithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, pancreas, ovary, and thyroid. Cytokeratin 18, which belongs to the type A (acidic) subfamily of low molecular weight keratins, exists in combination with cytokeratin 8. It is reported that tissues from gastrointestinal tract are positive for both cytokeratin 8 and 18 but do not contain cytokeratin 14. Tissues from gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, as well as endocrine and exocrine tissues and mesothelial cells are positive for cytokeratin 18.

Supplier: Biotium

Peripheral blood granulocytes are classified into neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils according to the staining characteristics of their cytoplasmic granules. Granule proteins are released by physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli and play important roles in both normal and pathological host immune responses. Eosinophil major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) are granule proteins specific to the eosinophil. AHE-1 recognizes human EPX, a granule protein specific to eosinophils. It does not cross-react with eosinophil major basic protein, elastase, cathepsin G, esterase N, thrombin, plasmin, kallikrein, lactoferrin, or transferrin. This MAb stains eosinophils only and does not stain other peripheral blood cells, including platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes or red blood cells. Human EPX gene product can form a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains. Other peroxidase family members include myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO).

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes CD16 (FcγRIII), the low-affinity receptor for IgG with an apparent molecular weight of 50-80 kDa. Two similar genes represent CD16, CD16A (FcγRIIIA), which exists as a hetero-oligomeric polypeptide-anchored form in macrophages and NK cells and CD16B (FcγRIIIB), which exist as a monomeric GPI-anchored form in neutrophils. Furthermore, there are two known polymorphisms of CD16B, NA-1 and NA-2. Individuals homozygous for NA-2 show a lower phagocytic capacity compared with NA-1. CD16 binds IgG in the form of immune complexes and shows preferential binding of IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes and minimal binding of IgG2 and IgG4. Upon IgG binding, both CD16 isoforms initiate signal transduction cascades that lead to a variety of responses including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis, degranulation and proliferation.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific to ER alpha and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the family. Epitope of this MAb is mapped between aa300-550. ER is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. Presence of ER in breast tumors indicates an increased likelihood of response to anti-estrogen (e.g. tamoxifen) therapy.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a 53 kDa protein, identified as the Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC-1). ODC is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of polyamines and is involved in the conversion of ornithine to putrescine. The biological activity of ODC-1 is rapidly induced in response to virtually all agents known to promote cell proliferation including hormones, drugs, growth factors, mitogens, and tumor promoters. Reportedly, ODC mRNA levels are elevated in lung carcinomas as well as in colon adenomas and carcinomas. ODC activity in colorectal carcinomas is greater than those in adenomas and normal mucosa.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific for progesterone. It exhibits minimal cross reactivity with related compounds in ELISA. It reacts with Progesterone-11a-HMS-BSA: 100%; 5-beta-Pregnane-3,20-dione: 48%; 5-alpha-Pregnane-3,20-dione: 26.4%; 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: 2.5% and 20-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: 0.04%. Progesterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from the cholesterol derivative, pregnenolone, in the cortex of the adrenal gland. Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum and acts to prepare the endometrium for the implantation of a fertilized egg. During pregnancy, it is secreted by the placenta to prevent spontaneous abortion and to stimulate the development of mammary tissue to produce milk. Thus, progesterone plays a central role in the reproductive events associated with the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Luteinized theca cells of normal ovary secrete progesterone. The determination of progesterone concentrations in the body fluids is of great value for endocrinological investigations in women. This MAb may prove useful in identification of ovarian tumors.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein doublet of 20-22 kDa, identified as MART-1 (Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T cells 1) or Melan-A. MART-1 is a newly identified melanocyte differentiation antigen recognized by autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Seven other melanoma associated antigens recognized by autologous cytotoxic T cells include MAGE-1, MAGE-3, tyrosinase, gp100, gp75, BAGE-1, and GAGE-1. Subcellular fractionation shows that MART-1 is present in melanosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. This MAb cocktail labels melanomas and other tumors showing melanocytic differentiation. It is also a useful positive-marker for angiomyolipomas. It does not stain tumor cells of epithelial, lymphoid, glial, or mesenchymal origin.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein, which is identified as HGAL. It contains a putative PDZ-interacting domain, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), and two putative SH2 binding sites. In B cells, its expression is specifically induced by interleukin-4. HGAL is specifically expressed in germinal center B-cells, but is absent in mantle and marginal zone B-cells and in the inter-follicular and para-cortical regions in normal tonsils and lymph nodes. Its high degree of specificity for germinal center B-cells makes anti-HGAL an ideal marker for the detection of germinal center-derived B-cell lymphomas. HGAL expression has been used to help elucidate nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) from cases of diffuse follicle center lymphoma. Additionally, HGAL expression was shown to correlate with survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

Supplier: Biotium

The antibody recognizes the hidden determinant of β-2 microglobulin (i.e. binding to its determinant is available only when the chain is separated from the HLA heavy chain. β-2 microglobulin is a 12 kDa protein with a pI of 5.6. Serum β2 microglobulin levels are a reflection of cell turnover. Levels rise with fever, inflammation, and infection. Increased serum levels are also seen in B-cell malignancies and in renal failure and may indicate a worse prognosis for patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. In urine, increased levels are seen in proximal renal tubular disease as well as renal transplant rejection. β2 microglobulin levels can rise either because its rate of synthesis has increased (e.g. in AIDS, malignant monoclonal plasma cell dyscrasia, solid tumours and autoimmune disease) or because of impaired renal filtration (e.g. due to renal insufficiency, graft rejection or nephrotoxicity induced by post-transplantation immunosuppressive therapy).

Supplier: Biotium

Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). CK8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibodies that recognize only cytokeratin 8 and 18. CK8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Anti-CK8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against CK8, CK18 and CK19). Reportedly, anti-CK8 is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a 21 kDa protein, identified as the p21WAF1 tumor suppressor protein. It is highly specific to p21 and shows no cross-reaction with other closely related mitotic inhibitors. p21WAF1 is a specific inhibitor of cdk s and a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. The expression of this gene acts as an inhibitor of the cell cycle during G1 phase and is tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor protein p53. Its expression is induced by the wild type, but not mutant, p53 suppressor protein. Normal cells generally display a rather intense nuclear p21 expression. Loss of p21 expression has been reported in many carcinomas (gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma).

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes actin of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. It is not reactive with other mesenchymal cells except for myoepithelium. Actin can be resolved on the basis of its isoelectric points into three distinctive components: alpha, beta, and gamma in order of increasing isoelectric point. Anti-muscle specific actin recognizes alpha and gamma isotypes of all muscle groups. Non-muscle cells such as vascular endothelial cells and connective tissues are non-reactive. Also, neoplastic cells of non-muscle-derived tissue such as carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas are negative.It stains tumors of smooth muscle (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas) as well as skeletal muscle (rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas).

Supplier: Biotium

ACTH (same as Corticotropin) is a 39 amino acid active peptide produced by the anterior pituitary. This MAb is specific to Synacthen (aa1-24 of ACTH); does not react with CLIP (aa17-39 of ACTH). POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin or corticotropin-lipotropin) is a 267 amino acid polypeptide hormone precursor that goes through extensive, tissue-specific posttranslational processing by convertases. POMC is cleaved into ten hormone chains named NPP, ACTH, alpha-MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone), beta-MSH, gamma-MSH, CLIP (corticotropin-like intermediary peptide), Lipotropin-beta, Lipotropin-gamma, beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin. ACTH is also produced by cells of immune system (T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages) in response to stimuli associated with stress. Anti-ACTH is a useful marker in classification of pituitary tumors and the study of pituitary disease. It reacts with ACTH-producing cells (corticotrophs).It also may react with other tumors (e.g. some small cell carcinomas of the lung) causing paraneoplastic syndromes by secreting ACTH.

Supplier: Biotium

6-ROX, SE (6-Carboxy-X-rhodamine, succinimidyl ester, single isomer) is the amine-reactive form of 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine single isomer.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a 68 kDa protein, identified as light sub-unit of neurofilaments (NF-L). Neurofilaments make up the main structural elements of axons and dendrites and are found in neurons, peripheral nerves, and sympathetic ganglion cells. Neurofilaments consist of three major subunits with molecular weights of 68 kDa (NF-L), 160 kDa (NF-M) and 200 kDa (NF-H). Anti-neurofilament stains a number of neural, neuroendocrine, and endocrine tumors. Neuromas, ganglioneuromas, gangliogliomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, and neuroblastomas stain positively for anti-neurofilament. Neurofilaments are also present in paragangliomas as well as adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. Carcinoids, neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin, and oat cell carcinomas of the lung also express neurofilament.