Cytotoxic and enterotoxic

Isolated from Clostridium difficile.

Has potent cytotoxic and enterotoxic properties. Translocates to the cytosol of target cells and glucosylates small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho, Rac, and Cdc42. Induces actin condensation, cell death and opening of the tight junctions. Triggers release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from intestinal epithelial cells probably via activation of MAP kinases.