652 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of human hematopoietic stem cells to progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with the decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of SCF, FLT-3 Ligand, IL-6 and IL-3 for short time periods allows rapid expansion of immature and more mature hematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations. If the goal is to only expand the most immature progenitor and stem cells, it is recommended that a combination of TPO, SCF and FLT-3 Ligand are used (Catalog: PB-500-03). Either cytokine combination can also be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages.

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Cytokines for cell culture of human DIPG and other glioma cells. A glioma is a generic term used to describe tumors that arise from the glia tissue of the brain that supports and surrounds neurons. Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a pediatric brain tumor that originates in the brainstem. Cells isolated from these childhood tumors are successfully cultured ex vivo with EGF, FGF-basic (or FGF-2), and PDGFs (AA and BB).

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Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and promotes endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. PlGF is secreted as a homodimer and may also form a heterodimer with VEGF. PlGF is detected in the placenta, heart, lungs, thyroid, and adipose tissues. Circulating PlGF levels are correlated with colorectal and renal cancers, as well as atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. There are four alternatively spliced PlGF isoforms (PlGF-1, PlGF-2, PlGF-3, and PlGF-4), each with unique secretion patterns and heparin-binding affinities. PlGF-3 lacks a heparin-binding domain and signals through the VEGFR-1 receptor.

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Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and promotes endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. PlGF is secreted as a homodimer and may also form a heterodimer with VEGF. PlGF is detected in the placenta, heart, lungs, thyroid, and adipose tissues. Circulating PlGF levels are correlated with colorectal and renal cancers, as well as atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. There are four alternatively spliced PlGF isoforms (PlGF-1, PlGF-2, PlGF-3, and PlGF-4), each with unique secretion patterns and heparin-binding affinities. PlGF-3 lacks a heparin-binding domain and signals through the VEGFR-1 receptor.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are multifunctional peptides that regulate growth and differentiation in most cell types. The TGF-β family of proteins signal through serine/threonine kinase receptors. TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and –β3) have overlapping, yet distinct biological actions in developing and adult tissues. TGF-β3 is an important factor in regulating cell adhesion and accelerating wound repair. TGF-β3 also functions during osteoblast proliferation, chemotaxis, and collagen synthesis.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with one being VEGF-121. The VEGF-121 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell function.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), also called CCL18, is a chemokine expressed in the lymph nodes, lungs, placenta, and bone marrow. MIP-4 receptors include the chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein membrane-associate 3 (PITPNM3). MIP-4 acts as a chemoattractant for naive T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and nonactivated lymphocytes. Further, MIP-4 promotes breast cancer metastasis and attenuates the activation of acute lymphocytic leukemia B cells.

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Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are multifunctional peptides that regulate growth and differentiation in most cell types. The TGF-β family of proteins signal through serine/threonine kinase receptors. TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and –β3) have overlapping, yet distinct biological actions in developing and adult tissues. TGF-β3 is an important factor in regulating cell adhesion and accelerating wound repair. TGF-β3 also functions during osteoblast proliferation, chemotaxis, and collagen synthesis.

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Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes. IL-7 signals through the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) to promote the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. IL-7 is also a regulator of intestinal mucosal lymphocyte proliferation. Human and mouse IL-7 show species cross-reactivity.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Prolactin is a hormone that is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. Prolactin acts in an endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine manner. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is expressed on many cell types, including cells of the reproductive organs, central nervous system, and breast cancer. Prolactin signal transduction occurs via JAK kinase signaling pathways. The primary function of prolactin is to regulate lactation, but prolactin also plays functional roles in the immune system and during cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation.

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Neuregulin 1-beta (NRG1-β) is one of many alternatively-spliced isoforms of the NRG1 gene and contains a soluble EGF-like domain. The EGF-like domain of NRG1-β signals through the ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinases. NRG1-β is an important growth factor involved in neuroinflammation, nerve regeneration, and cardiovascular processes.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that is expressed in the ovaries, testis, adrenal, and placental tissues. EG-VEGF has mitogenic, chemoattractive, and antiapoptotic functional roles.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR-1) is expressed in most tissues and is activated by soluble and membrane-bound tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNFR-1 activates NF-κB and MAPK pathways to induce inflammation, promote apoptotic cell death, inhibit tumorigenesis, and inhibit viral replication.

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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) binds the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) to antagonize interleukin 1 alpha and beta signaling. IL-1RA is secreted by immune cells, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes to inhibit IL-1-induced inflammation. IL-1RA therapy is used to treat auto-inflammatory diseases such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types.

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 α), also known as CCL3, is a cytokine produced by macrophages. MIP-1 α binds the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5 to induce inflammatory responses, including the recruitment of granulocytes and neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 α and MIP-1 β heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells.

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Amphiregulin (AR) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family.

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Interleukin 17AF (IL-17AF) is a heterodimer that is composed of the interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) members of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17AF is produced by T helper 17 cells (Th17) following interleukin 23 (IL-23) stimulation. IL-17AF signals through the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex and functions to regulate inflammatory responses. IL-17AF induces chemokine and airway neutrophilia production, similar in function to IL-17A and IL-17F homodimers. In regard to these functions, IL-17AF is less active than the IL-17A homodimer and shows greater activity than the IL-17F homodimer. Human and rat IL-17AF are active on mouse cells. 

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF is overexpressed in multiple tumor cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.

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Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A (BMPR-1A) is a Type I receptor that complexes with BMP Type II receptors to activate SMAD signaling. BMPR-1A is a receptor for BMP-2, BMP-4, GDF-5, and GDF-6. This protein contains the first 152 amino acids of the extracellular portion of BMPR-1A and can be used to interfere with or neutralise ligand signaling.

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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and exerts cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-21 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, heart, and adipose tissues. FGF-21 signaling is activated through the FGFR1c receptor and β-Klotho co-receptor. FGF-21 is an important regulator of glucose uptake and reduces cell apoptosis under stress conditions.

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Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and is expressed by monocytes and macrophages. HB-EGF is the predominant growth factor involved in epithelialization during wound healing. HB-EGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 to maintain adult heart homeostasis, and promotes cardiac valve development through binding in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). HB-EGF binds the the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase to mediate implantation of the human blastocyst. HB-EGF also functions as a potent mitogen for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.