652 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), also known as CXCL5, is a chemokine that recruits neutrophils, promotes angiogenesis.

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Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) is expressed by epithelial cells, activated macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells to regulate immune responses. IL-1α signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1α and the independently regulated IL-1β protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-γ) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-α (FIZZ1), RELM-β (FIZZ2), and RELM-γ (FIZZ4). RELM-γ is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, and lung. RELM-γ functions to promote and regulate promyelocytic differentiation, in addition to regulating nutrient-associated insulin sensitivity in the intestinal tract. Rodents secrete all four RELM family members, whereas Resistin and RELM-β are the only RELM family members found in humans.

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Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) is expressed by epithelial cells, activated macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells to regulate immune responses. IL-1α signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1α and the independently regulated IL-1β protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

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Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-γ) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-α (FIZZ1), RELM-β (FIZZ2), and RELM-γ (FIZZ4). RELM-γ is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, and lung. RELM-γ functions to promote and regulate promyelocytic differentiation, in addition to regulating nutrient-associated insulin sensitivity in the intestinal tract. Rodents secrete all four RELM family members, whereas Resistin and RELM-β are the only RELM family members found in humans.

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Interleukin 36 gamma (IL-36 ɣ) is a member of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine family and protects against pathogens in the skin, lung, and stomach epithelial barriers. IL-36 ɣ binds the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and the orphan IL-1R-related protein 2 (IL-1Rrp2) receptors to activate NF-kB and MAP kinase signaling pathways, resulting in the induced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

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Myostatin, also known as GDF-8, is a conserved member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Myostatin is an essential regulator of skeletal muscle mass and cardiac muscle development and function. Myostatin is a secreted protein that negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth by determining muscle fiber number and size.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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BalanCD™ CHO Feed 3 is a chemically-defined, animal component-free feed medium designed to increase process yields of antibodies and recombinant proteins in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in fed-batch mode.

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 beta (SDF-1 β), also called CXCL12b, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and LPS. SDF-1 β signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of TPO, SCF, and FLT-3 Ligand for short time periods allows CD34+ cells to proliferate without decreasing CD34 expression, thus retaining their stem cell properties.

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Cytokines for polarising mouse T cells into Th17 cells. T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a distinct type of T cell subset that are thought to be important in immunity against microbes at the epitilial and mucosal interfaces of the body. Disruption of the regular function or balance of Th17 cells is thought to be involved in several autoimmune diseases and/or opportunistic infections. Th17 cells are characterised by their ability to produce IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21. Th17 cells can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation with recombinant IL-6 and recombinant TGF-β 1. In some cases neutralising antibodies against IL-12, IL-4 and IFNγ are used along with recombinat cytokines IL-1 β, IL-21 and/or IL-23.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells to progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with the decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of SCF, FLT-3 Ligand, IL-6 and IL-3 for short time periods allows rapid expansion of immature and more mature hematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations. If the goal is to only expand the most immature progenitor and stem cells, it is recommended that a combination of TPO, SCF and FLT-3 Ligand are used (Catalog: PB-500-04). Either cytokine combination can also be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages.

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) exerts its effects by binding to the EGF Receptor, a protein kinase that initiates the intracellular signaling. EGF is widely distributed in tissues like the kidney, cerebrum, prostate, and salivary glands. EGF acts as a potent factor in promoting cell division, and the phosphorylated receptor recruit adapter proteins like GRB2, which then activate complex downstream signaling cascades.

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GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor with the ability to form colonies of granulocytes and macrophages. Enhances the number of circulating white blood cells and function of neutrophils and monocytes. Regulates multiple functions via transcription factors in the differentiated cells, including cell survival, proliferation, and maturation. Generates in vitro murine and human DC populations from bone marrow precursors and blood monocytes, respectively.

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IL-4 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that stimulates B cell proliferation and activates eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.

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IL-3 is a species-specific cytokine and pleiotropic growth factor that promotes the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of committed progenitor cells of the megakaryocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell lineages.

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a growth factor that is produced by liver and kidney tissues. TPO binds the TPO receptor (CD110) to promote megakaryocyte maturation, differentiation, and the production of platelets. Human TPO (CHO) contains a C-terminal 6x-polyhistidine (6xHis) tag.

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Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs).  IL-1β signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection. Human and mouse GM-CSF show no cross-reactivity.

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Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin. Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), and TGF-β1. Follistatin functions as an antagonist by binding TGF-β family members to block interaction with their signaling receptors. Follistatin also inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.

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Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes. IL-7 signals through the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) to promote the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. IL-7 is also a regulator of intestinal mucosal lymphocyte proliferation. Human and mouse IL-7 show species cross-reactivity.

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Resistin is a peptide hormone belonging to a class of cysteine-rich secreted proteins, termed the resistin-like molecules (RELM) family. Resistin is produced by macrophages and functions during insulin sensitivity and inflammatory processes.

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Interleukin 3 beta (IL-3 β) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 β induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 β also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Interleukin 3 beta (IL-3 β) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 β induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 β also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF-6) is a heparin-binding growth factor that is expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal lineages. FGF-6 binds and signals through the FGF receptors FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4. FGF-6 functions as a mitogen for vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. FGF-6 is also an important factor driving muscle differentiation and regeneration.

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WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP-2) is a member of the CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family of regulatory factors. WISP-2 is expressed in ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal lineages, including primary osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipogenic precursor cells. WISP-2 is a canonical WNT ligand that regulates cell proliferation, adhesion, and metastasis. Secreted WISP-2 promotes mesenchymal precursor cell proliferation and maintains them in an undifferentiated state. In bone-forming osteoblasts, WISP-2 promotes osteoblast adhesion and inhibits osteocalcin production.

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Stem cell factor (SCF) is a cytokine made by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. SCF binds to the receptor c-Kit/CD117 and plays a critical role in the maintenance, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Human SCF shows no activity on murine cells, but murine and rat SCF are active on human cells.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.