"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

Laminins are large hetero-trimeric, non-collagenous glycoproteins composed of α, β, and γ chains. This MAb reacts with laminin B2/1 chain of ~210 kDa and does not cross-react with other basement membrane components or fibronectin. Its specificity was established by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence of human skeletal muscle and kidney with laminin chain-specific MAbs. Epithelial sheets in vivo are separated from the mesenchymal elements of the stroma by a thin layer of a specialized type of extracellular matrix termed the basement membrane (BM). This structure consists of individual components, some of which are ubiquitous in BMs and some are not. The ubiquitous ones comprise laminin (LN), entactin/nidogen (EN), collagen type IV (CIV), and large heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), which interact specifically with each other to form a continuous and regular BM. Alterations of BM integrity, from local discontinuities up to complete loss, are described in many types of human and animal epithelial neoplasms. This MAb stains uniformly all human and murine basement membranes.

Supplier: Biotium

Hepatocyte Specific Antigen, also called Hepatocyte Paraffin 1 or HepPar1, localizes to the mitochondria of hepatocytes. It is a sensitive marker for distinguishing hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from other metastatic carcinomas as well as cholangio-carcinomas. HCC's occur primarily in the stomach, but they are also found in many other organs. The Hepatocyte Specific Antigen may also be a useful marker for intestinal metaplasia. Reportedly, strong expression of the Hepatocyte Specific Antigen correlates with smaller tumor size and longer patient survival. Occasionally, Hepatocyte Specific Antigen is also found in gastric carcinomas as well as in a few other non-hepatic tumors.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific to kappa light chain of immunoglobulin and shows no cross-reaction with lambda light chain or any of the five heavy chains. In mammals, the two light chains in an antibody are always identical, with only one type of light chain, kappa or lambda. The ratio of Kappa to Lambda is 70:30. However, with the occurrence of multiple myeloma or other B-cell malignancies this ratio is disturbed. Antibody to the kappa light chain is reportedly useful in the identification of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is malignant.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-IgG Donkey Polyclonal Antibody (CF™ 633)

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of a disulfide-linked 120 kDa dimer, identified as CD27 (Workshop VI; Code 6T-028). CD27 is expressed on the majority of peripheral T cells, medullary thymocytes, memory-type B cells, and natural killer cells. It is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. CD27 binds to its ligand CD70, a member of the TNF family, and induces T-cell co-stimulation and B-cell activation. It also interacts with TRAFs and is involved in activation of NFB and SAPK/JNK and induces apoptosis.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 150 kDa, which is identified as the high molecular weight variant of Caldesmon. Two closely related variants of human caldesmon have been identified which are different in their electrophoretic mobility and cellular distribution. The h-caldesmon variant (120-150 kDa) is predominantly expressed in smooth muscle whereas l-caldesmon (70-80 kDa) is found in non- muscle tissue and cells. Neither of the two variants has been detected in skeletal muscle. This MAb recognizes only the 150 kDa variant (h-caldesmon) in Western blots of human aortic media extracts and is unreactive with fibroblast extracts from cultivated human foreskin. Caldesmon is a developmentally regulated protein involved in smooth muscle and non-muscle contraction.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a 200 kDa and 68 kDa protein, identified as heavy and light sub-units of neurofilaments (NF-H & NF-L). Neurofilaments make up the main structural elements of axons and dendrites and are found in neurons, peripheral nerves, and sympathetic ganglion cells. Neurofilaments consist of three major subunits with molecular weights of 68 kDa (NF-L), 160 kDa (NF-M) and 200 kDa (NF-H). Anti-neurofilament stains a number of neural, neuroendocrine, and endocrine tumors. Neuromas, ganglioneuromas, gangliogliomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, and neuroblastomas stain positively for anti-neurofilament. Neurofilaments are also present in paragangliomas as well as adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. Carcinoids, neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin, and oat cell carcinomas of the lung also express neurofilament.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of a disulfide-linked 120 kDa dimer, identified as CD27 (Workshop VI; Code 6T-028). CD27 is expressed on the majority of peripheral T cells, medullary thymocytes, memory-type B cells, and natural killer cells. It is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. CD27 binds to its ligand CD70, a member of the TNF family, and induces T-cell co-stimulation and B-cell activation. It also interacts with TRAFs and is involved in activation of NFB and SAPK/JNK and induces apoptosis.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 36 kDa, identified as cyclin D1. Cyclin D1, one of the key cell cycle regulators, is a putative proto-oncogene overexpressed in a wide variety of human neoplasms. This antibody neutralizes the activity of cyclin D1 in vivo. About 60% of mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) contain a t(11; 14)(q13; q32) translocation resulting in over-expression of cyclin D1. This antibody is useful in identifying mantle cell lymphomas (cyclin D1 positive) from CLL/SLL and follicular lymphomas (cyclin D1 negative). About 40% of breast carcinomas are positive for Cyclin D1. Occasionally, hairy cell leukemia and plasma cell myeloma weakly express Cyclin D1.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of ~50 kDa which is identified as Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). It shows no cross-reaction with other intermediate filament proteins. GFAP is specifically found in astroglia. GFAP is a very popular marker for localizing benign astrocyte and neoplastic cells of glial origin in the central nervous system. Antibody to GFAP is useful in differentiating primary gliomas from metastatic lesions in the brain and for documenting astrocytic differentiation in tumors outside the CNS.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-IgG Donkey Polyclonal Antibody (CF™ 680R)

Supplier: Biotium

CD309, also known as VEGFR2, KDR3, and Flk-1 (mouse), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It is a member of the CSF-1/PDGF receptor family of type III tyrosine kinase receptors. Human VEGFR2 is mainly expressed by endothelial cells, embryonic tissues, and megakaryocytes. It plays an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and vascular permeability. The ligands of VEGFR2 include VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF splice isoforms. Ligation of VEGFR2 with its ligands results in the receptor dimerization and auto-phosphorylation, stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and migration.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSF's, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF's share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: Biotium

There are at least four distinct but related alkaline phosphatases: intestinal, placental, placental-like, and liver/bone/kidney (tissue non-specific). The first three are located together on chromosome 2, while the tissue non-specific form is located on chromosome 1. The product of this gene is a membrane bound glycosylated enzyme that is not expressed in any particular tissue and is, therefore, referred to as the tissue-nonspecific form of the enzyme. The exact physiological function of the alkaline phosphatases is not known. A proposed function of this form of the enzyme is matrix mineralization; however, mice that lack a functional form of this enzyme show normal skeletal development. This enzyme has been linked directly to hypo-phosphatasia, a disorder that is characterized by hypercalcemia and includes skeletal defects. The character of this disorder can vary, however, depending on the specific mutation since this determines age of onset and severity of symptoms. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode the same protein, have been identified for this gene.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes proteins of 80-200 kDa, identified as different members of CEA family. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut and is re-expressed in increased amounts in intestinal carcinomas and several other tumors. This MAb does not react with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It shows no reaction with a variety of normal tissues and is suitable for staining of formalin/paraffin tissues. CEA is not found in benign glands, stroma, or malignant prostatic cells. Antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA ) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA ). Anti-CEA positivity is seen in adenocarcinomas from the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, gallbadder, urachus, salivary gland, ovary, and endocervix.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220 kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. This MAb defines the mucin-carried sialylated-Tn epitope. TAG-72 is usually expressed by adenocarcinomas, but is negative in mesotheliomas. Studies have reported that this antibody has 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, TAG-72 is a useful marker to distinguish between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. However, false positive reactions can occur so results must be interpreted with the utmost caution. This antibody may be useful in the differentiation of non-small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of the lung. The combined use of anti-TAG-72 and anti-GCDFP-15 is valuable in the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma.