"Bioss"

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Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphatase that specifically hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) to produce PtdIns(3,4)P2, thereby negatively regulating the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathways. Plays a central role in regulation of PI3K-dependent insulin signaling, although the precise molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways remain unclear. While overexpression reduces both insulin-stimulated MAP kinase and Akt activation, its absence does not affect insulin signaling or GLUT4 trafficking. Confers resistance to dietary obesity. May act by regulating AKT2, but not AKT1, phosphorylation at the plasma membrane. Part of a signaling pathway that regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Required for the maintenance and dynamic remodeling of actin structures as well as in endocytosis, having a major impact on ligand-induced EGFR internalization and degradation. Participates in regulation of cortical and submembraneous actin by hydrolyzing PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 thereby regulating membrane ruffling. Regulates cell adhesion and cell spreading. Required for HGF-mediated lamellipodium formation, cell scattering and spreading. Acts as a negative regulator of EPHA2 receptor endocytosis by inhibiting via PI3K-dependent Rac1 activation. Acts as a regulator of neuritogenesis by regulating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 level and is required to form an initial protrusive pattern, and later, maintain proper neurite outgrowth. Acts as a negative regulator of the FC-gamma-RIIA receptor (FCGR2A). Mediates signaling from the FC-gamma-RIIB receptor (FCGR2B), playing a central role in terminating signal transduction from activating immune/hematopoietic cell receptor systems. Involved in EGF signaling pathway. Upon stimulation by EGF, it is recruited by EGFR and dephosphorylates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Plays a negative role in regulating the PI3K-PKB pathway, possibly by inhibiting PKB activity.

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Zinc metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Does not cleave 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity). Functions at the endosome and is able to oppose the ubiquitin-dependent sorting of receptors to lysosomes. Plays a role in signal transduction for cell growth and MYC induction mediated by IL-2 and GM-CSF. Potentiates BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling by antagonizing the inhibitory action of SMAD6 and SMAD7.

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This gene is a member of the peptidase C19 family and encodes a protein that is similar to ubiquitin-specific proteases. Though this gene is located on the X chromosome, it escapes X-inactivation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Turner syndrome. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

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CCDC12, also known as FLJ39430, FLJ40801 or MGC23918, is a 166 amino acid protein encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 3. Chromosome 3 is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3.

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Crystallins are water soluble structural proteins found in the vertebrate eye. Mammalian crystallins are classified in three forms, designated α, β and γ. Crystallins, as the principal components of the lens, function to increase the refractive index of the eye during accommodation by forming high-molecular weight aggregates which maintain transparency. γS-crystallin (Gamma-crystallin S), also known as Beta-crystallin S, is a 178 amino acid protein that exists as a monomer which does not aggregate. γS-crystallin contains a two-domain beta structure and belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin gene family mapping to human chromosome 3. γS-crystallin has been linked to congenital cataract development, a disorder signified by increasing levels of lens opacity.

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The homeobox is DNA sequence that is approximately 180 base pairs long that is involved in all steps of the developmental regulation of animals, fungi and plants, from embryogenesis to cell differentiation. The homeobox encodes a protein domain of about 60 amino acids, called the homeodomain, that can bind to DNA. The gastrulation brain homeobox 1 (GBX1) gene, along with another homeobox gene (EN2), maps to chromosome 7q36, and is expressed in septal and pallidal areas and in the basal forebrain cholinergic system, an area implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. The GBX1 gene encodes the GBX1 protein, which localizes to the nucleus and contains 1 homeobox DNA-binding domain.

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The serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) compose a superfamily of proteins with a diverse set of functions, including the control of blood coagulation, complement activation, programmed cell death and development. Serpins are secreted glycoproteins that contain a stretch of peptide that mimics a true substrate for a corresponding serine protease. The monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor gene, SERPINB1, belongs to the Ov-serpin family (ovalbumin-related serpins). Human SerpinB1, also designated monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (M/NEI) or leukocyte elastase inhibitor (LEI), is a cytoplasmic protein which acts as a fast-acting stoichiometric proteinase inhibitor that regulates the activity of neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin-G and proteinase-3. There are four homologous genes in mouse designated SerpinB1a, SerpinB1b, SerpinB1c and the pseudogene, Serpinb1-ps1. The three protein-coding genes share significant sequence identity, however SerpinB1a (also designated EIA) has been characterized as the functional ortholog of human SerpinB1.

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The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Two alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

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Anti-GPR155 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Produced by macrophages, IFN alpha have mainly antiviral activities.

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SPTLC1

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Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues. When expressed in rat HTC4 hepatoma cells, is capable of mediating S1P-induced cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis.

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Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, SEPT5, TOMM2, USP3, ZNF746 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM2, RHOT1/MIRO1 and USP3 (PubMed:24896179). Mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of ZNF746, followed by degradation of ZNF746 by the proteasome; possibly playing a role in the regulation of neuron death. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.

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p53, a DNA-binding, oligomerization domain- and transcription activation domain-containing tumor suppressor, upregulates growth arrest and apoptosis-related genes in response to stress signals, thereby influencing programmed cell death, cell differentiation, and cell cycle control mechanisms. p53 localizes to the nucleus, yet can be chaperoned to the cytoplasm by the negative regulator, MDM2. MDM2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is upregulated in the presence of active p53, where it poly-ubiquitinates p53 for proteasome targeting. p53 fluctuates between latent and active DNA-binding conformations and is differentially activated through posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and acetylation. Mutations in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of p53, amino acids 110-286, can compromise energetically-favorable association with cis elements and are implicated in several human cancers.

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Encoding over 1,100 genes within 132 million bases, chromosome 12 makes up about 4.5% of the human genome. A number of skeletal deformities are linked to chromosome 12 including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis and Kniest dysplasia. Noonan syndrome, which includes heart and facial developmental defects among the primary symptoms, is caused by a mutant form of PTPN11 gene product, SH-PTP2. Chromosome 12 is also home to a homeobox gene cluster which encodes crucial transcription factors for morphogenesis, and the natural killer complex gene cluster encoding C-type lectin proteins which mediate the NK cell response to MHC I interaction. Trisomy 12p leads to facial development defects, seizure disorders and a host of other symptoms varying in severity depending on the extent of mosaicism and is most severe in cases of complete trisomy. The C12orf52 gene product has been provisionally designated C12orf52 pending further characterization.

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Sequence:: H-Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr-OH
MW: 679.13