Fluorogenic substrates for proteases and peptidases.

Rhodamine 110 and R110-PEG can be used as a reference standard for rhodamine 110-based peptidase substrates.

Z-FR-AMC is a substrate for serine proteases, including cathepsins, kallikrein and plasmin. Ac-DEVD-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate for caspase 3 and can be used to continuously measure the activity of caspase-3 in cell extracts, using a fluorometer or fluorescence microplate reader.

BZAR is a substrate for serine proteases and is also an inhibitor for quanidinobenzoatase, 50 to 100 times more sensitive than the AMC-based substrate. BZiPAR is a substrate for trypsin, substrate has been reported to enter live cells and be hydrolyzed by lysosomal proteases.

Ac-IETD-R110 is a substrate for caspase-8, which is involved at the early stage of apoptosis, acting as an initiator of the caspase activation cascade. Z-FR-R110 is a substrate for the cysteine proteases cathepsins B and L. The substrate has been used in flow cytometry studies of human monocytes and rat macrophages.

D2R is a general substrate for caspases including caspases 3 and 7, D2R appears to be membrane-permeant, and thus can be used to measure caspase activity in live cells without osmotic shock for flow cytometry studies, as well as for cell extracts. Z-AAD-R110 is a substrate for granzyme B. Granzyme B from T lymphocytes and natural killer cells induces apoptosis in target cells by activating caspases and causing mitochondrial cytochrome C release. Z-AA-R110-PEG is a substrate for elastate.