You searched for: Proteins and Peptides

Supplier: ACRO Biosystems

Human recombinant integrin isoform alpha-7X2B beta 1 (from HEK293)

Supplier: ACRO Biosystems

Human Mucin-1 / MUC-1 (1036-1155) Protein, His Tag.

Supplier: ACRO Biosystems

Biotinylated Human CD39 / ENTPD1 protein, His,Avitag™ (MALS verified) (active enzyme).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 is a pleiotropic member of the FGF family. FGFs are heparin-dependent regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation (Itoh and Ornitz). FGF-9 signals by binding FGFR3 (IIIb) and the IIIc splice variants of the FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 receptors (Santos-Ocampo et al.; Mohammadi et al.; Plotnikov et al.). In mice, deletion of FGF-9 is lethal and expression of FGF-9 affects development of the skeleton, cerebellum, lungs, heart, vascular system, digestive tract, and testes (Colvin et al.; Harada et al.; Lin et al.). Altered levels of FGF-9 have also been reported in various types of human cancers (Leushacke et al.; Abdel-Rahman et al.).

Supplier: Biorbyt

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein (Ellen strain) (from lung cell culture (embryo))

Supplier: ACRO Biosystems

Human BAFF / TNFSF13B / CD257 protein, His,Flag Tag, active trimer (MALS verified).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fluorescent dye conjugates for detection of F-actin in cell culture experiments - 300 tests.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a type I cytokine produced by Th2 T cells, NK T cells, γ/δ T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and activated basophils. IL-4 receptors are present on a number of cells, including hematopoietic, endothelial, epithelial, muscle, and brain tissues. IL-4 receptor engagement initiates signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, and leads to the activation of PI3K and Ras/MAPK pathways (Nelms et al.). IL-4 plays a key role in immunoglobulin class switching in B cells and in regulating the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 2 (Th2) cells, while inhibiting Th1 differentiation. IL-4 acts together with tumor necrosis factor to stimulate expression of adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells and to downregulate expression of E-selectin, thus recruiting T cells and eosinophils to the site of inflammation (Nelms et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is synthesised as an inactive precursor protein or pro-IL-1β. This precursor is cleaved intracellularly by caspase 1 (IL-1β convertase) to form the active form of the protein that is later secreted (Allan et al.). IL-1β binds to IL-1 receptor and activates intracellular signaling via the MAPK or NF-kB pathway. IL-1β is released by monocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells in response to infection or injury and induces expression of acute-phase proteins. It also promotes the infiltration of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells from the circulation into the extravascular space and affected tissues, by stimulating the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. IL-1β also affects other immune cells; for example, it co-stimulates T cell functions together with antigen or mitogen. It also stimulates Th17 differentiation and B cell proliferation in an IL-6-dependent manner. Mice deficient in IL-1β do not show phenotypical differences from wild-type mice; however, they have a reduced response to inflammation, suggesting that IL-1β plays a key role in inflammatory diseases (Dinarello).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Nerve growth factor (NGF)-beta is a prototypical member of the neurotrophin family and has a role in the survival and growth of neural cells, regulating cell growth, promoting differentiation into neurons, and neuron migration. The beta subtype of NGF is biologically active in comparison to the alpha-2 and gamma-2 subtypes. NGF-beta in its secreted form can bind to tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor with high affinity and to p75 (NTR) with low affinity (Levi and Alemà; Sofroniew et al.). NGF has been shown to possess pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic properties (Micera et al.). It has also been shown that overexpression of NGF-beta promotes differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons through regulation of AKT and MAPK pathways (Yuan et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates NF-kB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Activated T cells and macrophages are the primary producers of TNF-α in response to inflammation and infectious conditions. Many other cell types have been shown to produce TNF-α, among them B cells, NK cells, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, microglia, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts. TNF-α has cytotoxic effects on cancer cells in vitro by stimulating anti-tumor immuno- suppressive responses. TNF-α stimulates expression of E- and P-selectins, thus facilitating adhesion of neutrophils, monocytes, and memory T cells to activated platelets and endothelial cells (Zelová and Hosek). Other effects of TNF-α include vasodilatation and edema formation. This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a species-specific pleiotropic cytokine that promotes the survival and proliferation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and lineage-committed progenitor cells and their differentiation into mature cells of most lineages, including mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes (Fung et al.; Metcalf et al.; Broughton et al.). IL-3 is produced by activated T cells, and has a physiological role in inflammation and allergies by promoting the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, IL-4, and IL-6 by mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. The mouse IL-3 receptor consists of a unique alpha-subunit (CD123) and two beta subunits, one specific for IL-3 (βIL-3), the other shared with the receptors for IL-5 and GM-CSF (beta common chain, βc or CD131). IL-3 binding to heterodimeric receptors containing the alpha subunit and one of either beta subunits activates JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K signaling pathways (Scott and Begley).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fluorescent dye conjugates for staining cell membranes of gram-positive bacteria, mammalian cells, and yeast bud scars - 1000 µg.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

A member of the apolipoprotein family, Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) is a major glycoprotein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles (Frank and Marcel) which facilitate the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. Apo A-I binds to the scavenger receptor SR-A1, allowing HDL particles to interact with cells in peripheral tissues (Neyen et al.), and is involved in the esterification of cholesterol, acting as a cofactor for lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT; Frohlich). Apo A-I has been shown to bind to the scavenger receptor SR-B1 (Williams et al.) and the beta chain of ATP synthase (Martinez et al.) on hepatocytes, highlighting its importance in HDL endocytosis. Mutations in the APOA1 encoding gene may result in dysregulated HDL levels, leading to an increased risk of amyloidosis and ischemic heart disease (Haase et al.; Obici et al.). This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, sclerostin from STEMCELL comes lyophilised with ≥92% purity.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is the founding member of the IL-10 family of class II cytokines. All of the IL-10 cytokine family members have a four-helix bundle consisting of α-helical folds. Upon binding to its receptor, IL-10 activates signaling through JAK1 and STAT3. It is produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, and CD4 T cells, as well as mast cells, NK cells, neutrophils, and B cells, under specific stimulating conditions (Saraiva and O'Garra). IL-10 can inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote healing processes, and is important for the function of T regulatory cells. IL-10 also enhances B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin secretion, and class II MHC expression, while IL-10 produced by macrophages inhibits activation of neighboring macrophages, thus allowing a level of self-regulation (Ouyang et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interferon alpha 1 (IFNA1) belongs to the type 1 interferon family of cytokines, which bind interferon alpha receptors (IFNAR; composed of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits) that are involved in interferon-induced JAK-STAT signaling (Shemesh et al.). Interferons have inhibitory effects on viral replication and pathogenesis, and studies have found that IFN alpha can prevent the spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) (Mikloska and Cunningham), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (George and Mattapallil). Pegylated forms of IFN alpha are currently approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (Woo et al.). IFN alpha also displays anti-tumor effects by regulating cell growth and proliferation, and it is used in the treatment of different cancers (Tagliaferri et al.). Interferons display alpha-helical structures with four helices forming an antiparallel alpha-helix bundle (Walter). This protein contains a His-residue tag at the carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, interferon alpha 1 from STEMCELL comes lyophilised with ≥90% purity, specific activity EC50 ≤40 to 200 pg/ml, and LAL analysis verification ensuring endotoxin levels are ≤1,0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) is a member of the FGF family, and acts exclusively through a subset of FGF receptor isoforms expressed predominantly by epithelial cells (Finch and Rubin). FGF-7 seems to act specifically on epithelial cells and stimulates proliferation, migration, and differentiation of these cells, and also participates in epithelial protection and repair both in vitro and in vivo (Finch and Rubin; Werner). In contrast, FGF-7 is produced solely by cells of mesenchymal origin, and functions as a paracrine mediator of mesenchymal-epithelial communication (Rubin et al.). FGF-7 has also been shown to supplement several wound-healing properties of bioengineered skin (Erdag et al.) and to induce autophagy in human keratinocytes (Belleudi et al.). Additionally, FGF-7 has a role in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cell to endodermal pancreatic-like insulin-producing cells and thymic epithelial cells (Inami et al.; Niu et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a member of the IL-1 family that binds to IL-1 receptors but does not induce any intracellular signaling (Arend et al.). IL-1RA is a natural regulator of IL-1’s biological activity. It binds to the IL-1 receptors with similar affinity as IL-1, thereby inhibiting the proinflammatory activities of IL-1ɑ and IL-1ꞵ (Kinne et al.). In particular, mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to enhance tissue repair in an IL-1RA-dependent manner through the suppression of IL-1ꞵ production in dermal macrophages and enhanced expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in the skin (Harrell et al.). IL-1RA has also been shown to help in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (Cutolo), sepsis, asthma (Mao et al.), and inflammatory bowel diseases (Dosh et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is the founding member of the family of cytokines that includes IL-17B through IL-17F. It is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in defense against pathogens. IL-17A and IL-17F signal as homodimers or heterodimers through the same receptor, and activate NF-κB, MAPK, and C/EBP pathways (Gaffen). IL-17A is produced by Th17 cells, CD8+ T cells, γ/δ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) (Cua and Tato; Gaffen; Mojsilović et al.). IL-17A mediates protection against extracellular pathogens, and together with IL-22 stimulates production of antimicrobial peptides. It induces granulopoiesis factors and neutrophil-specific chemokines. Together with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-17A induces a sustained neutrophil recruitment during inflammation (Cua and Tato). IL-17A receptor is expressed at particularly high levels on stromal cells, including MSCs. IL-17A increases the frequency and the average size of fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F), as well as the proliferation of marrow-derived MSCs. It enhances osteogenic differentiation, and inhibits adipocyte differentiation and chondrogenesis (Mojsilović et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), also known as CCL5, is a member of the CC family of chemokines and is able to recruit leukocytes to sites of inflammation (Schall et al.). RANTES is secreted by T lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, synovial fibroblasts, tubular epithelium, and certain types of tumor cells (Aldinucci and Colombatti; Soria and Ben-Baruch). This chemokine exerts its effect by interacting with the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. RANTES plays an active role in recruiting a variety of leukocytes into inflammatory sites, including T cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils. In collaboration with certain cytokines that are released by T cells such as IL-2 and IFN-γ, RANTES also induces the activation and proliferation of NK cells to generate CC chemokine-activated killer cells, which are highly cytolytic (Lv et al.; Maghazachi et al.). It has been shown that RANTES produced by CD8+ T cells inhibits HIV infection of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Appay and Rowland-Jones; Cocchi et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 8B (FGF-8B) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and is an isoform of FGF-8. Cytokines in the FGF family possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Kimelman and Kirschner) and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Klagsbrun; Rifkin and Moscatelli). FGF-8B signals through FGF receptors (FGFRs) to activate PI3K and MAPK pathways. FGF-8B regulates gastrulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and mesenchymal to epithelial differentiation during embryonic development. FGF-8B has also been found in peripheral blood leukocytes and healthy bone marrow samples (Mattila and Härkönen). FGF-8B has mitogenic effects on somatic cells in the germinal epithelium and is expressed in adult mouse ovarian cells and tissues, which suggests that it regulates maturation of oocytes and seminiferous epithelium in testes (Valve et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

A cytokine belonging to the type 1 interferon family, Interferon beta (IFN beta) binds IFN alpha/beta receptors (IFNAR) that activate tyrosine kinases and initiate the interferon-induced Jak-STAT signaling pathway, which modulates many key immune processes (Smieja et al.). In an experimental model involving cardiac fibroblasts isolated from rats, IFN beta was found to induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines production by activating different STAT proteins (Bolivar et al.). The anti-inflammatory effects of IFN beta have been studied in the context of autoimmune disorders, and there are currently multiple approved IFN beta drugs for treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (Filipi and Jack). IFN beta is produced by immune cells, including macrophages, and non-immune cells, such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells (Ivashkiv and Donalin). The crystal structure of IFN beta shares characteristics with other type I interferons. It comprises five alpha-helices with four of them forming a helix bundle, and one long and three shorter loops connecting the helices (Karpusas et al.). For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, interferon alpha 1 from STEMCELL comes lyophilised with ≥87% purity, specific activity EC50 ≤18 pg/mL, and LAL analysis verification ensuring endotoxin levels are ≤1,0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a four-alpha helix bundle cytokine with many similar properties to IL-2. The IL-15 receptor is a heterotrimeric receptor composed of IL-15Ra (the high-affinity receptor for IL-15), as well as IL-2/15Rb (CD122) and common gamma chain (CD132). IL-15 binds to IL-15Rα receptor and can then be presented in trans to IL-2/15Rb and common gamma chain on other cells. Trans-presentation is thought to be the major mechanism by which IL-15-mediated responses occur in mice, although may not be necessary in humans (Castillo et al.). The cytoplasmic domains of IL-2/15Rb and common gamma chain mediate signaling to activate JAK/STAT and PI3K pathways. IL-15 supports the survival and proliferation of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and promotes homeostasis of memory T cells. IL-15 also promotes the survival and differentiation of NK cells and regulates their cytolytic activity (Ma et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family predominantly expressed by mesenchymal fibroblasts during embryonic development (Emoto et al.; Igarashi et al.). It binds with high affinity to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-IIIb (FGFR2-IIIb), and also has a weaker affinity for FGFR1-IIIb (Beer et al.). FGF-10 and FGF-7 have similar receptor binding properties and target cell specificities but are differentially regulated by components of the extracellular matrix (Emoto et al.; Igarashi et al.). FGF-10 has been shown to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which are essential to lung development (Sekine et al; Ware and Matthay). FGF-10 also has a role in mobilisation and proliferation of lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and protection and repair against acute lung injury (Tong et al.; Ware and Matthay), as well as endodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to insulin-producing pancreatic-like cells (Takeuchi et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that regulates a broad variety of developmental functions. After LIF binds to LIF receptor (LIFR), LIFR associates with gp130 and activates JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling (Auernhammer and Melmed; Suman et al.). LIFR activation of STAT3 is essential for maintaining the mouse embryonic stem cell phenotype (Niwa et al.). Produced by the endometrium, LIF plays an important autocrine and paracrine role in implantation by regulating proliferation, invasion, and differentiation of trophoblasts following blastocyst attachment (Auernhammer and Melmed; Suman et al.). Human LIF can be used for the maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells, however mouse LIF cannot bind to the human receptor, thus rendering mouse LIF inactive (Dahéron et al.). LIF is produced by CD4+ and activated regulatory T cells, and promotes Foxp3 expression, while repressing Th17 lineage-specific genes (Metcalfe). LIF is also secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells, where it supports hematopoiesis and immune modulation (Nasef et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), also known as type II interferon, is produced by T and NK cells, and in smaller amounts by dendritic cells and macrophages. IFN-γ is controlled by cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-18 secreted in response to infection (Schroder et al.). IFN-γ binds to a receptor complex and initiates signal transduction via the JAK/STAT pathway; this culminates in the transcription and activation of many genes that control a diverse array of immunological functions (de Weerd and Nguyen; Krause et al.). IFN-γ stimulates the antimicrobial and anti-tumor activity of macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils (Billiau and Matthys) by promoting the activation of microbial effector functions such as production of reactive oxygen species, NO intermediates, and complement (Schroder et al.). IFN-γ enhances MHC class I and II expression in dendritic cells and mononuclear phagocytes, as well as the production of IL-12 by dendritic cells. In B cells, IFN-γ stimulates survival and growth in both mouse and human cells, and redirects B cells from proliferation towards differentiation. IFN-γ favors the development of Th1 vs Th2 cells and stimulates monocyte differentiation and function (Schroder et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a pleiotropic cytokine with effects on various tissues including the bone marrow, brain, and intestinal mucosa (Du andamp; Williams). It belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines that share a common signal transducer, gp130. IL-11 induces the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (Lemoli et al.) and megakaryocytic progenitor cells (Bruno et al.), the maturation of megakaryocytes (Burstein et al.), and the production of platelets (Neben et al.). IL-11 is produced by a variety of cell types including hematopoietic cells, mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells, and neuronal cells. It was first cloned from a cDNA library of the human bone marrow-derived stromal cell line KM-102 (Kawashima et al.). The binding of IL-11 to its receptor induces heterodimerization with the gp130 subunit and activation of JAK tyrosine kinases. IL-11 was the first pharmacologic agent approved for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. IL-11 also plays a role in cancer progression by inducing the proliferation of epithelial cancer cells and the survival of metastatic cells at distant organs. Recently, IL-11 has gained interest for its role in the pathogenesis of diseases in dysregulated mucosal homeostasis associated with STAT3 upregulation, including gastrointestinal cancers (Putoczki et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neurotrophic factor that belongs to the four-helix bundle cytokine family and is structurally related to interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 11 (IL-11), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and oncostatin M (OSM). CNTF binds to its receptor CNFTRα and induces formation of a heterodimer of the signal transducing IL-6 receptor gp130 and LIF receptor (LIFR)-β, which triggers JAK/STAT, ERK, and PI3K signaling cascades (Schuster et al.). CNTF plays an important role in neurogenesis and the differentiation of neural stem cells and has been suggested to possess a therapeutic role in treating neurological disorders (Ding et al.; Oppenheim et al.). CNTF has also been shown to protect rod photoreceptors from light-induced damage and have therapeutic effects on retinal degenerative diseases caused by genetic defect or damage induced by toxins, autoantibodies, or strong light (Pernet et al.; Rhee et al.). Another therapeutic role of CNTF has been reported in protecting oligodendrocytes from death induced by apoptosis (Louis et al.). Additionally, CNTF is commonly used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells into astrocytes (Krencik and Zhang). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

The B18R protein, which is encoded by the B18R open reading frame in the Western Reserve (WR) strain of vaccinia virus, is a type I interferon (IFN)-binding protein that is known to inhibit IFN antiviral response (Colamonici et al.). B18R protein has been shown to exhibit neutralizing activity to type I interferon family members (Meyers et al.) and to protect cells from the antiviral effects of interferon (Vancová et al.). It was recently shown that HIV-1–dependent induction of type I IFN activity and BAFF protein levels was abrogated by the soluble B18R protein, with no effect observed on the cell viability (Gomez et al.). B18R protein has been reported to aid in cellular reprogramming using RNA-mediated gene delivery (Warren et al.; Yoshioka N et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

A member of the pentraxin family of proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) plays important roles in host defenses, including regulating complement activation in vivo (Sjoberg et al.), decreasing nitric oxide production, and inhibiting angiogenesis in vitro (Verma et al., 2002). At specific concentrations, CRP directly inhibits endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) differentiation, survival, and function, and is thus implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases (Verma et al., 2004). CRP is primarily synthesized by liver hepatocytes, but also by other immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes (Sproston and Ashworth). The expression of this acute-phase protein is induced by IL-6 and IL-1 secretion of macrophages and T-cells during inflammation. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, C-reactive protein from STEMCELL comes lyophilised with ≥87% purity, and endotoxin levels are verified to be ≤1,0 EU/μg protein.