"Staining Solutions"

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratins, also called keratins or simply CKs, are a family of fibrous structural proteins and a major structural component in the outer layer of human skin, as well as hair and nails.  There are 20 human epithelial keratins which can be divided into two subfamiles: acidic and basic (more recent human genone sequencing has identified an additional 20 members). The formation of cytokeratin intermediate filaments requires the pairing of at least one acidic and one basic subfamily member. Members of the same keratin subfamily share extended sequence homology while members of different subfamilies show only limited sequence homology.

This antibody is specific for the 56.5kDa (CK10), 50kDa (CK14), 50kDa (CK15), 48kDa (CK16), and 40kDa (CK19) keratins of the acidic (Type I or LMW) subfamily. Many studies have shown the usefulness of CKs as markers in cancer research and tumor diagnosis, as epithelial tumors generally maintain the same CK expression patterns as their counterpart normal tissue. Clone AE1 is commonly used with clone AE3 as a pan cytokeratin antibody cocktail (Cat No V2330).

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb reacts with both SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO-1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets proteins to a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO-1, 2 and 3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO-1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several target proteins, which include MDM2, p53, PML and RanGap1. SUMO-2 and 3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO-1 and unlike SUMO-1, they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO-3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer s disease.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound C4d. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of Abs to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product Complement 4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. It has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. Anti-C4d, combined with anti-C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound protein. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of antibodies to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product C4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. C4d has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. C4d antibody, combined with antibody to C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.

Supplier: Prosci

Mucin-1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. The transgenic protein has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of the protein uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Mucin-1 antibody is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver. The specific epitope of this Mucin-1 antibody has not yet been determined.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb reacts with MUC1/Mucin-1/Epithelial Marker Antigen/EMA. MUC1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed abundantly in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. Transgenic MUC1 has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The MUC1 gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of MUC1 uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Antibody to EMA is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver.

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratin 8 is the product of the KRT8 gene and one of the most abundant keratins. The KRT8 gene is a member of the type II keratin family clustered on the long arm of chromosome 12. Cytokeratin 8 participates in cellular differentiation and signal transduction, protects against apoptosis, stress and injury, and helps maintain cellular structural integrity. It is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Specific combinations of cytokeratins are associated with certain epithelial cells, and therefore useful in the characterization of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibody that recognizes only cytokeratin 8 and 18. Keratin 8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Antibody to Cytokeratin 8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against Keratin 8, 18 and 19). Reportedly, Cytokeratin 8 antibody is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: G-Biosciences

G­Biosciences' Toothpick™ systems allow for the rapid screening of bacterial colonies by restriction enzyme digestion analysis or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with our Plasmid Screening Toothpick™ and Toothpick™­PCR, respectively.

Supplier: Biotium

EvaGreen® Dye and high-performance dye-based qPCR master mixes containing EvaGreen® qPCR dye, Cheetah™ HotStart Taq Polymerase, and Forget-Me-Not™ tracking dye. Available with 2-color tracking or pre-mixed with low or high ROX.

Supplier: Prosci

Cytokeratin 17 (CK17) is a member of the Cytokeratin subfamily of intermediate filament proteins (IF's). It is unique in that it is normally expressed in the basal cells of complex epithelia but not in stratified or simple epithelia. CK17 is expressed in the nail bed, hair follicle, sebaceous glands and other epidermal appendages. Antibody to CK17 is an excellent tool to distinguish myoepithelial cells from luminal epithelium of various glands such as mammary, sweat and salivary. CK17 is expressed in epithelial cells of various origins, such as bronchial epithelial cells and skin appendages. It may be considered an epithelial stem cell marker because CK17 Ab marks basal cell differentiation. CK17 can be useful when included in a panel of antibodies against TTF-1, napsin A, CK5&6, p63, and SOX-2 for diagnostic differentiation between lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCLC), especially for poorly-differentiated lung carcinoma. CK17 is expressed in SCLC much higher than in LADC. In breast carcinomas, approximately 20% of patients show no expression of ER, PR and Her2, which are defined as triple negative tumor. Eighty-five percent of the triple negative breast carcinomas immunoreact with basal cytokeratins including anti-CK17. Also important is that cases of triple negative breast carcinoma with expression of CK17 show an aggressive clinical course. The histologic differentiation of ampullary cancer, intestinal vs. pancreatobiliary, is very important for treatment. Usually anti-CK17 and anti-MUC1 immunoreactivity represents pancreatobiliary subtype whereas anti-MUC2 and anti-CDX-2 positivity defines intestinal subtype.