"Staining Solutions"

Supplier: Prosci

IgM is the first antibody generated in an immune response to an antigen. It is generally a pentamer with each of the five immunoglobulins linked together with disulfide bonds. In its pentamer form, it has a molecular mass of 970 kDa and 10 antigen binding sites (due to the large size of most antigens, not all binding sites can be filled simultaneously.  IgM antibodies account for approximately 5%-10% of all the antibody in the body.

This mAb is specific for the human IgM heavy chain. It does not cross-react with other immunoglobulin heavy chains, T-cells, monocytes, granulocytes, or erythrocytes. IgM antibody is useful in the identification of certain cancer types. Some tumors express a single heavy chain class. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is clonal and therefore malignant.

Supplier: Prosci

Thyroglobulin is a 660kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb reacts only with the intact-HCG and not with either free alpha- or free beta-chain of HCG. HCG is a glycoprotein and is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). HCG is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG mAb detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate anti-hCG positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively. 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. HCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.

Supplier: Prosci

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA repair and damage tolerance pathways. Acts as a loading platform to recruit DDR proteins that allow completion of DNA replication after damage and promote postreplication repair: Monoubiquitinated PCNA leads to recruitment of translesion (TLS) polymerases, while 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA is involved in error-free pathway and employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion. [UniProt]

Supplier: Prosci

It recognizes an oncofetal glycoprotein with a single chain of 70kDa, which is identified as alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This mAb is highly specific to AFP and shows no cross-reaction with other oncofetal antigens or serum albumin. The yolk sac and the liver produce AFP during fetal life. AFP expression in adults is often associated with hepatoma or teratoma. However, hereditary persistence of alpha-fetoprotein may also be found in individuals with no obvious pathology. The protein is thought to be the fetal counterpart of serum albumin, and the AFP and albumin genes are present in tandem in the same transcriptional orientation on chromosome 4. AFP is found in monomeric as well as dimeric and trimeric forms, and binds copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin. The level of AFP in amniotic fluid is used to measure renal loss of protein to screen for spinal bifida and anencephaly.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 40kDa, identified as NKX2.1 or Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). TTF-1 is a member of the NKx2 family of homeodomain transcription factors. It is expressed in epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and the lung. Nuclei from liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, colon, kidney, breast, skin, testes, pituitary, prostate, and adrenal glands are unreactive. Anti-NKX2.1 is useful in differentiating primary adenocarcinoma of the lung from metastatic carcinomas originating in the breast, mediastinal germ cell tumors, and malignant mesothelioma. It can also be used to differentiate small cell lung carcinoma from lymphoid infiltrates. Loss of NKX2.1 expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma has been associated with aggressive behavior of such neoplasms. Reactivity is also seen in thyroid malignancies.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 130kDa, identified as Ksp-cadherin. Cadherins form a superfamily of related glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion and transmit signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoplasm. Cadherins have been implicated in embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, tissue structure maintenance, cell polarization, neoplastic invasiveness and metastasis, and membrane transport. It is suggested that Ksp-cadherin is a marker for terminal differentiation of the basolateral membranes of renal tubular epithelial cells. Within the kidney, Ksp-Cadherin is found exclusively in the basolateral membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells and collecting duct cells, and not in glomeruli, renal interstitial cells, or blood vessels. Ksp-Cadherin has been suggested to distinguish Chromophobe Renal-Cell Carcinoma from Oncocytoma.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 12kDa, identified as beta-2 microglobulin. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules bind to antigens for presentation on the surface of cells. The proteasome is responsible for producing these antigens from the components of foreign pathogens. MHC class 1 molecules consist of an alpha heavy chain that contains three subdomains (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3) and a non-covalent associating light chain, known as beta-2-Microglobulin. Beta-2-Microglobulin associates with the alpha3 subdomain of the alpha heavy chain and forms an immunoglobulin domain-like structure that mediates proper folding and expression of MHC class 1 molecules. The alpha1 and alpha2 domains of the alpha heavy chain form the peptide antigen-binding cleft. Mutations in the beta-2-Microglobulin gene can enhance the progression of malignant melanoma phenotypes.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of ~200kDa, identified as renal cell carcinoma protein, carbonic anhydrase IX / CAIX, or gp200. Its epitope resides in the carbohydrate domain of the protein. The CAIX antibody shows no significant cross-reactivity with other carbohydrate determinants, such as the Lewis blood group antigens, epithelial membrane antigen, HMFG, and AB blood group antigens. In normal kidney, CAIX is localized along the brush border of the pars convoluta and pars recta segments of the proximal tubule, as well as focally along the luminal surface of Bowman's capsule adjoining the outgoing proximal tubule. Reportedly, it is expressed by 93% of primary and 84% of metastatic renal cell carcinomas. This CAIX antibody may be useful in the investigations of carcinomas of proximal nephrogenic differentiation, especially those showing tubular differentiation.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45RA is an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C, respectively. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ T-cells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin T-cells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory T-cells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral T-cells. This MAb is useful in study on the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It can especially be used to differentiate T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. This antibody defines the mucin-carried sialylated-Tn epitope. TAG-72 is usually expressed by adenocarcinomas, but is negative in mesotheliomas. Studies have reported that this antibody has 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, TAG-72 is a useful marker to distinguish between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. However, false positive reactions can occur so results must be interpreted with the utmost caution. This antibody may be useful in the differentiation of non-small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of the lung. The combined use of TAG-72 Ab with a GCDFP-15 Ab is valuable in the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma.

Supplier: Prosci

CD63 functions as cell surface receptor for TIMP1 and plays a role in the activation of cellular signaling cascades. Plays a role in the activation of ITGB1 and integrin signaling, leading to the activation of AKT, FAK/PTK2 and MAP kinases. Promotes cell survival, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, spreading and migration, via its role in the activation of AKT and FAK/PTK2. Plays a role in VEGFA signaling via its role in regulating the internalization of KDR/VEGFR2. Plays a role in intracellular vesicular transport processes, and is required for normal trafficking of the PMEL luminal domain that is essential for the development and maturation of melanocytes. Plays a role in the adhesion of leukocytes onto endothelial cells via its role in the regulation of SELP trafficking. May play a role in mast cell degranulation in response to Ms4a2/FceRI stimulation, but not in mast cell degranulation in response to other stimuli. [UniProt]

Supplier: Prosci

CD8 is a cell surface receptor expressed either as a heterodimer with the beta chain or as a homodimer. A majority of thymocytes and a subpopulation of mature Tcells and NK cells express CD8a. It binds to MHC class 1 and through its association with protein tyrosine kinase p56lck plays a role in Tcell development and activation of mature Tcells. For mature Tcells, CD8 and 4 are mutually exclusive, so antibody to CD8 is generally used in conjunction with antibody to CD4. CD8a antibody is a useful marker for distinguishing helper/inducer T-lymphocytes, and most peripheral Tcell lymphomas are CD4+/CD8-. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is usually CD4+/CD8-, and in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, they are often co-expressed. It is also found in littoral cell angioma of the spleen.

Supplier: Prosci

The antibody recognizes a single chain glycoprotein of 105/120kDa, identified as CD30/Ki-1. CD30 is synthesized as a 90kDa precursor, which is processed in the Golgi complex into a membrane-bound phosphorylated mature 105/120kDa glycoprotein. In Hodgkin’s disease, CD30 antigen is expressed by mononuclear-Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. It is also expressed by the tumor cells of a majority of anaplastic large cell lymphomas as well as by a varying proportion of activated T and B cells. This antibody distinguishes large cell lymphomas derived from activated lymphoid cells from histiocytic malignancies and lymphomas derived from resting and precursor lymphoid cells or from anaplastic carcinomas. About one third of the CD30 positive lymphomas lack the leukocyte common antigen (CD45).

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody reacts with a protein of 22kDa, identified as beta subunit of HCG. It does not cross react with the alpha subunit. HCG is a glycoprotein which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). HCG-beta antibody detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate antibody positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively; 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. HCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.