"Staining Solutions"

Supplier: Prosci

Cadherins form a superfamily of related glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion and transmit signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoplasm. Cadherins have been implicated in embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, tissue structure maintenance, cell polarization, neoplastic invasiveness and metastasis, and membrane transport. It is suggested that Ksp-cadherin is a marker for terminal differentiation of the basolateral membranes of renal tubular epithelial cells. Within the kidney, Ksp-Cadherin is found exclusively in the basolateral membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells and collecting duct cells, and not in glomeruli, renal interstitial cells, or blood vessels. Ksp-Cadherin has been suggested to distinguish Chromophobe Renal-Cell Carcinoma from Oncocytoma.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a 21kDa protein, identified as the p21WAF1 tumor suppressor protein. It is highly specific to p21 and shows no cross-reaction with other closely related mitotic inhibitors. p21WAF1 is a specific inhibitor of cdk s and a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. The expression of this gene acts as an inhibitor of the cell cycle during G1 phase and is tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor protein p53. Its expression is induced by the wild type, but not mutant, p53 suppressor protein. Normal cells generally display a rather intense nuclear p21 expression. Loss of p21 expression has been reported in many carcinomas (gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma).

Supplier: Prosci

CD45R, also designated CD45 and PTPRC, has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed among hematopoietic cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45R are distributed throughout the immune system according to cell type. These isoforms arise because of alternative splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6. The corresponding protein domains are characterized by the binding of monoclonal antibodies specific for CD45RA (exon 4), CD45RB (exon 5), CD45RC (exon 6) and CD45RO (exons 4 to 6 spliced out). The variation in these isoforms is localized to the extracellular domain of CD45R, while the intracellular domain is conserved. CD45RB is expressed on mature B-lymphocytes and the majority of lymphomas and leukemias of B-cell origin. This antigen is also expressed on the surface of cells of myeloid lineage.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a 21kDa protein, identified as the p21 or p21WAF1 tumor suppressor protein. This antibody is highly specific and shows no cross-reaction with other closely related mitotic inhibitors. p21 is a specific inhibitor of cdk’s and a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. The expression of this gene acts as an inhibitor of the cell cycle during G1 phase and is tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor protein p53. p21 expression is induced by the wild type, but not mutant, p53. Normal cells generally display a rather intense nuclear expression. Loss of p21 expression has been reported in many carcinomas (gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma).

Supplier: Prosci

CD8 is a cell surface receptor expressed either as a heterodimer with the beta chain or as a homodimer. A majority of thymocytes and a subpopulation of mature Tcells and NK cells express CD8a. It binds to MHC class 1 and through its association with protein tyrosine kinase p56lck plays a role in Tcell development and activation of mature Tcells. For mature Tcells, CD8 and 4 are mutually exclusive, so antibody to CD8 is generally used in conjunction with antibody to CD4. CD8a antibody is a useful marker for distinguishing helper/inducer T-lymphocytes, and most peripheral Tcell lymphomas are CD4+/CD8-. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is usually CD4+/CD8-, and in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, they are often co-expressed. It is also found in littoral cell angioma of the spleen.

Supplier: Prosci

Expression of TMEM16A (DOG1) protein is elevated in the gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST’s), c-kit signaling-driven mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. It is rarely expressed in other soft tissue tumors, which, due to appearance, may be difficult to diagnose. Immunoreactivity for TMEM16A has been reported in 97.8 percent of scorable GIST’s, including all c-kit negative GIST’s. Overexpression has been suggested to aid in the identification of GISTs, including Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha (PDGFR alpha) mutants that fail to express c-kit antigen. The overall sensitivity of TMEM16A and c-kit in GIST’s is nearly identical: 94.4% vs. 94.7%.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 56.5kDa, identified as cytokeratin 10 (CK10). CK10 is expressed in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis. In the epidermis, expression of CK10 strictly parallels the extent of differentiation; it is absent in the basal layer, appears in the first suprabasal layers and increases in concentration towards the granular layer. However, CK10 is rarely detected in early stages of vulvar squamous carcinomas (tumors less than 2 cm, clinical stage I) regardless of the tumor grade. In larger and more advanced tumors (greater than 2 cm, clinical stages II and III), CK10 is detected very frequently. Expression of CK10 is related to maturation of malignant keratinocytes, being preferentially detected in more-differentiated parts.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a protein of 56.5kDa, identified as cytokeratin 10 (CK10). CK10 is expressed in all suprabasal layers of the epidermis. In the epidermis, expression of CK10 strictly parallels the extent of differentiation; it is absent in the basal layer, appears in the first suprabasal layers and increases in concentration towards the granular layer. However, CK10 is rarely detected in early stages of vulvar squamous carcinomas (tumors less than 2 cm, clinical stage I) regardless of the tumor grade. In larger and more advanced tumors (greater than 2 cm, clinical stages II and III), CK10 is detected very frequently. Expression of CK10 is related to maturation of malignant keratinocytes, being preferentially detected in more-differentiated parts.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody specifically reacts with a protein of 20-30kDa, identified as PGP9.5, also known as ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-1 (UchL1). Initially, expression in normal tissues was reported in neurons and neuroendocrine cells but later it was found in distal renal tubular epithelium, spermatogonia, Leydig cells, oocytes, melanocytes, prostatic secretory epithelium, ejaculatory duct cells, epididymis, mammary epithelial cells, Merkel cells, and dermal fibroblasts. PGP9.5 antibody has been used to show the protein to be a useful prognostic indicator of colorectal, pancreatic and gall bladder cancer. A mutation in the gene is believed to cause a form of Parkinson's disease.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes a protein of 210-220kDa, which is identified as the Complement receptor 1 or CD35. This mAb is specific for a site in CR1 that is distal from the C3b-binding site, so that it is unable to block CR1/CD35 activity. It is highly specific and shows no cross-reaction with CR2/CD21. The primary function of CR1 is to serve as the cellular receptor for C3b and C4b, the most important components of the complement system leading to clearance of foreign macromolecules. The Knops blood group system is a system of antigens located on this protein. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are restricted to the B-cell regions of secondary lymphoid follicles. They are CD21+/CD35+/CD1a-. This mAb labels follicular dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cell sarcoma.

Supplier: Prosci

IgM is the first antibody generated in an immune response to an antigen. It is generally a pentamer with each of the five immunoglobulins linked together with disulfide bonds. In its pentamer form, it has a molecular mass of 970 kDa and 10 antigen binding sites (due to the large size of most antigens, not all binding sites can be filled simultaneously.  IgM antibodies account for approximately 5%-10% of all the antibody in the body.

This mAb is specific for the human IgM heavy chain. It does not cross-react with other immunoglobulin heavy chains, T-cells, monocytes, granulocytes, or erythrocytes. IgM antibody is useful in the identification of certain cancer types. Some tumors express a single heavy chain class. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is clonal and therefore malignant.

Supplier: Prosci

Recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. This mAb defines the mucin-carried sialylated-Tn epitope. TAG72 is usually expressed by adenocarcinomas, but is negative in mesotheliomas. Studies have reported that this antibody has 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, TAG72 is a useful marker to distinguish between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. However, false positive reactions can occur so results must be interpreted with the utmost caution. This antibody may be useful in the differentiation of non-small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of the lung. The combined use of anti-TAG72 and anti-GCDFP-15 is valuable in the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma.

Supplier: Prosci

Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter and the responsiveness of lymphocytes. CD147 is a type I integral membrane receptor that has many ligands, including the cyclophilin (CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrins. It is expressed by many cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. [Wiki]

Supplier: Prosci

Estrogen receptor (ER) is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. It is found in two forms, alpha and beta. Both forms are widely expressed, however, alpha is the predominant form in endometrium and breast cancer cells, and beta is more highly expressed in brain, kidney, heart, lung and bone. Activated Estrogen receptor dimerizes and forms both homo- and heterodimers. ER contains five domains: A-F. The A and B domain are able to weakly activate ER in the absence of ligand. The C domain binds DNA and the E domain contains the ligand binding site. Presence of ER in breast tumors indicates an increased likelihood of response to anti-estrogen (e.g. tamoxifen) therapy. This antibody is specific to estrogen receptor alpha and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the family.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a protein of 25-26kDa, identified as the Bcl-2 alpha oncoprotein. It shows no cross-reaction with Bcl-x or Bax protein. Expression of Bcl-2 alpha oncoprotein inhibits the programmed cell death (apoptosis). In most follicular lymphomas, neoplastic germinal centers express high levels of Bcl-2 alpha protein, whereas the normal or hyperplastic germinal centers are negative. Consequently, this antibody is valuable when distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic follicular proliferation in lymph node biopsies. It may also be used in distinguishing between those follicular lymphomas that express Bcl-2 protein and the small number in which the neoplastic cells are Bcl-2 negative.

Supplier: Prosci

CD45R, also designated CD45 and PTPRC, has been identified as a transmembrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed among hematopoietic cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45R are distributed throughout the immune system according to cell type. These isoforms arise because of alternative splicing of exons 4, 5, and 6. The corresponding protein domains are characterized by the binding of monoclonal antibodies specific for CD45RA (exon 4), CD45RB (exon 5), CD45RC (exon 6) and CD45RO (exons 4 to 6 spliced out). The variation in these isoforms is localized to the extracellular domain of CD45R, while the intracellular domain is conserved. CD45RB is expressed on mature B-lymphocytes and the majority of lymphomas and leukemias of B-cell origin. This antigen is also expressed on the surface of cells of myeloid lineage.