97384 Results for: "SCIENCE+TAKE-OUT,+LLC"

Supplier: Adipogen

CD28 and CTLA-4 together with their ligands, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), constitute one of the dominant costimulatory pathways that regulate T and B cell responses. CD28 and CTLA-4 are structurally homologous molecules that are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily. Both CD28 and CTLA-4 are composed of a single Ig V-like extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain. CD28 and CTLA-4 are both expressed on the cell surface as disulfide-linked homodimers or as monomers. The genes encoding these two molecules are closely linked on human chromosome 2 and mouse chromosome 1. Mouse CD28 is expressed constitutively on virtually 100% of mouse T cells and on developing thymocytes. Cell surface expression of mouse CD28 is downregulated upon ligation of CD28 in the presence of PMA or PHA. In contrast, CTLA-4 is not expressed constitutively but is upregulated rapidly following T cell activation and CD28 ligation. Cell surface expression of mouse CTLA-4 peaks approx.y 48 hours after activation. Although both CTLA-4 and CD28 can bind to the same ligands, CTLA-4 binds to B7-1 and B7-2 with a 20-100 fold higher affinity than CD28. CD28/B7 interaction has been shown to prevent apoptosis of activated T cells via the upregulation of bcl-XL. CD28 ligation has also been shown to regulate Th1/Th2 differentiation.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Tris have been useful as buffers in a wide variety of biological systems. It has been used as a starting material for polymers, oxazolones (with carboxylic acids) and oxazolidines (with aldehydes). It does not precipitate calcium salts and is of value in maintaining solubility of manganese salts. It can be used for the direct standardization of a strong acid solution; the equivalence point can be determined either potentiometrically or by use of a suitable indicator such as 3-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphthylazo)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid. It is RNAse and DNAse-free. Tris is relatively non-hygroscopic; but, if needed, it can be dried at 100°C for up to 4 hours to remove any water.
Tris is used in pH control in vitro and in vivo for body fluids and in buffering systems for electrophoresis applications. Tris is used in assays used to characterize the activity and kinetics of the enzymes that catalyze SUMOylation of Small ubiquitin-like proteins (SUMO) and SUMO-dependent protein-protein interactions.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD276 (B7-H3) is a member of the B7/CD28 superfamily of costimulatory molecules serving as an accessory modulator of T cell response. B7 family molecules, which are expressed on antigen-presenting cells and display extracellular regions containing immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V)- and constant (C)-like domains, are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation by providing co-signals that are either stimulatory or inhibitory. B7-H3 provides a stimulatory signal to T cells. However, recent studies suggest a negative regulatory role for B7-H3 in T cell responses. B7-H3 inhibited T cell proliferation mediated by antibody to T cell receptor or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells. B7-H3 is a negative regulator that preferentially affects T(H)1 responses. B7-H3 may play an important role in muscle-immune interactions, providing further evidence of the active role of muscle cells in local immunoregulatory processes. Recently, B7-H3 expression has also been found in a variety of different human cancers, including prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and urothelial cell carcinoma. B7-H3 was expressed in some human cancers and correlated with poor outcome of cancer patients.

Supplier: IMPLEN U.S.A. INC

Implen has become the leading expert for innovative, high-quality spectroscopy instruments and the NanoPhotometer® is trusted by thousands of researchers worldwide.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: +4 °C
D-Biotin is a growth factor present in small amounts in every living cell. It is involved in naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. It is more abundant in the liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast and milk. Biotin levels are higher in cancerous tumors than in normal tissues. It is inactivated by binding to avidin.
D-Biotin may be used to elute proteins from avidin/streptavidin resins. It is widely used for dietary supplements and fortified foods. It is also used for tablets and hard-shell capsule preparation due to its pharmaceutical properties.
Essential vitamin that is important for amino acid and energy metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. It is a prosthetic group in four mammalian carboxylase families and facilitates the binding and transfer of carbon dioxide.
Soluble in water (22 mg/100 mL), ethanol (80 mg/100 mL), more soluble in hot water and in dilute alkalies; insoluble in other common organic solvents. Soluble in 2 M Ammonium hydroxide (50 mg/mL - clear, colorless solution), dimethylformamide (1.7 mg/mL).

Supplier: Enochs Manufacturing

The ENCORE 4500 series of low-access high-low power tables includes the 4550, 4520 and 4510 offers a low access height of 18.5" to meet ADA recommendations and a 700 lbs. patient weight capacity to allow medical facilities to better accommodate patients of size and offer barrier free access to table for examinations and procedures.

Supplier: Adipogen

Disruption of the precise balance of positive and negative molecular regulators of blood and lymphatic vessel growth can lead to myriad diseases. Although dozens of natural inhibitors of hemangiogenesis have been identified, an endogenous selective inhibitor of lymphatic vessel growth has not been previously described. A splice variant of the gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) that encodes a secreted form of the protein, designated endogenous soluble VEGFR-2 (esVEGFR-2/KDR) has been described. The endogenous soluble esKDR inhibits developmental and reparative lymphangiogenesis by blocking VEGF-C function. Tissue-specific loss of esKDR in mice induced, at birth, spontaneous lymphatic invasion of the normally alymphatic cornea and hyperplasia of skin lymphatics without affecting blood vasculature. Administration of esKDR inhibited lymphangiogenesis but not hemangiogenesis induced by corneal suture injury or transplantation, enhanced corneal allograft survival and suppressed lymphangioma cellular proliferation. Naturally occurring esKDR thus acts as a molecular uncoupler of blood and lymphatic vessels; modulation of esKDR might have therapeutic effects in treating lymphatic vascular malformations, transplantation rejection and, potentially, tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphedema.

Supplier: Molecular Devices

The SpectraMax® iD5 Multi-Mode Microplate Reader is the complete laboratory solution to help you increase your research capabilities and comes with built-in absorbance, fluorescence, luminescence, time-resolved fluorescence (TRF), and tunable fluorescence polarization (FP) read modes

Supplier: Adipogen

CD276 (B7-H3) is a member of the B7/CD28 superfamily of costimulatory molecules serving as an accessory modulator of T cell response. B7 family molecules, which are expressed on antigen-presenting cells and display extracellular regions containing immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V)- and constant (C)-like domains, are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation by providing co-signals that are either stimulatory or inhibitory. B7-H3 provides a stimulatory signal to T cells. However, recent studies suggest a negative regulatory role for B7-H3 in T cell responses. B7-H3 inhibited T cell proliferation mediated by antibody to T cell receptor or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells. B7-H3 is a negative regulator that preferentially affects T(H)1 responses. B7-H3 may play an important role in muscle-immune interactions, providing further evidence of the active role of muscle cells in local immunoregulatory processes. Recently, B7-H3 expression has also been found in a variety of different human cancers, including prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and urothelial cell carcinoma. B7-H3 was expressed in some human cancers and correlated with poor outcome of cancer patients.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD276 (B7-H3) is a member of the B7/CD28 superfamily of costimulatory molecules serving as an accessory modulator of T cell response. B7 family molecules, which are expressed on antigen-presenting cells and display extracellular regions containing immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V)- and constant (C)-like domains, are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation by providing co-signals that are either stimulatory or inhibitory. B7-H3 provides a stimulatory signal to T cells. However, recent studies suggest a negative regulatory role for B7-H3 in T cell responses. B7-H3 inhibited T cell proliferation mediated by antibody to T cell receptor or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells. B7-H3 is a negative regulator that preferentially affects T(H)1 responses. B7-H3 may play an important role in muscle-immune interactions, providing further evidence of the active role of muscle cells in local immunoregulatory processes. Recently, B7-H3 expression has also been found in a variety of different human cancers, including prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and urothelial cell carcinoma. B7-H3 was expressed in some human cancers and correlated with poor outcome of cancer patients.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-33 (IL-33; HF-NEV; IL-1F11), a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, is expressed by many cell types following pro-inflammatory stimulation and is thought to be released upon cell lysis. IL-33 binds to and signals through ST2 (IL-1R1) and its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK, IRAK4 and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of ERK1 (MAPK3) / ERK2 (MAPK1), p38 (MAPK14) and JNK. The ability of IL-33 to target numerous immune cell types, like Th2-like cells, mast cells and B1 cells, and to induce cytokine and chemokine production underlines its potential in influencing the outcome of a wide range of diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, atopic allergy & anaphylaxis, cardiovascular disease/atherosclerosis, nervous system diseases and sepsis. IL-33 facilitates Treg expansion in vitro and in vivo. Recently, IL-33 has been involved in adipocyte differentiation. The biological activity of IL-33 at its receptor ST2 is rapidly terminated in the extracellular environment by its oxidation (formation of two disulfide bridges), resulting in an extensive conformational change that disrupts the ST2 binding site. Mutations at amino acids C208S/C232S protect IL-33 from oxidation and increase its activity.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD86 (B7-2) is a 60-100 kDa variably glycosylated protein in the B7 family. B7 family members are transmembrane cell surface molecules that play important roles in immune activation and the maintenance of immune tolerance. B7-2 is highly expressed on activated antigen presenting cells (APC), e.g. B cells, dendritic cells and monocytes as well as on vascular endothelial cells. B7-2 and the closely related CD80 (B7-1) exhibit overlapping but distinct functional properties. Their binding to CD28, which is constitutively expressed on T cells, enhances T cell receptor signaling and also provides TCR-independent costimulation. B7-1 and B7-2 additionally bind the CD28-related protein CTLA-4, which is up-regulated and recruited to the immunological synapse (IS) at the onset of T cell activation. CTLA-4 ligation inhibits the T cell response and supports regulatory T cell function. B7-2 is expressed earlier than B7-1 following APC activation and both proteins bind with higher affinity to CTLA-4 than to CD28. B7-2 promotes the stabilization of CD28 in the IS, while B7-1 is primarily responsible for promoting CTLA-4 recruitment and accumulation in the IS. The relative participation of B7-1 and B7-2 in T cell costimulation can also alter the Th1/Th2 bias of the immune response. Both B7-1 and B7-2 serve as cellular receptors for B species adenoviruses.

Supplier: Adipogen

Processes such as transcription, repair and replication that require efficient DNA recognition are dependent on modulation of chromatin structure. Chromatin relaxation is a critical event that occurs during DNA repair and is associated with the negatively charged polymer of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose (PAR). PAR is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein family (PARPs), of which PARP-1 (and to a lesser extent PARP-2) respond to DNA-strand breaks. PARP-1 is selectively activated by DNA strand breaks to catalyze the addition of long branched chains of PAR to a variety of nuclear proteins, most notably PARP itself. The amount of PAR formed in living cells with DNA damage is commensurate with the extent of the damage. Under DNA damage conditions, PAR undergoes a rapid turnover, with a half-life in the range of minutes, as PAR is rapidly hydrolyzed and converted to free ADP-ribose by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG). PAR regulates not only cell survival and cell-death programmes, but also an increasing number of other biological functions with which novel members of the PARP family have been associated. These include transcriptional regulation, cell division, intracellular trafficking, inflammation and energy metabolism.

Supplier: Adipogen

Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), first identified in the 1960s, derives its name from its precipitation from human plasma upon the addition of zinc salts. ZAG has since been found in secretory epithelial cells and in a range of body fluids. ZAG is identical to a lipid mobilizing factor isolated from the urine of patients with cancer cachexia and stimulates lipolysis in in vivo experiments. Due to its expression in and secretion from adipocytes, ZAG is considered an adipokine. Recently the clinical significance of ZAG has been clarified. ZAG expression in adipocytes is inversely related to fat mass, thus it is intimately involved in the maintenance of body weight in mice and humans. Epidemiological studies have uncovered an association between ZAG and plasma cholesterol. The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism rs4215 in ZAG is associated with plasma cholesterol and obesity. Structurally ZAG possesses a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein fold. It is distinct from other members of this protein family in that it is soluble, rather than being anchored to plasma membranes and it associates with prolactin inducible protein rather than beta2-microglobulin. Similar to peptide antigen-presenting class I MHC molecules, ZAG possesses an open apical groove between its alpha1 and alpha2 domain helices.

Supplier: Adipogen

Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), first identified in the 1960s, derives its name from its precipitation from human plasma upon the addition of zinc salts. ZAG has since been found in secretory epithelial cells and in a range of body fluids. ZAG is identical to a lipid mobilizing factor isolated from the urine of patients with cancer cachexia and stimulates lipolysis in in vivo experiments. Due to its expression in and secretion from adipocytes, ZAG is considered an adipokine. Recently the clinical significance of ZAG has been clarified. ZAG expression in adipocytes is inversely related to fat mass, thus it is intimately involved in the maintenance of body weight in mice and humans. Epidemiological studies have uncovered an association between ZAG and plasma cholesterol. The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism rs4215 in ZAG is associated with plasma cholesterol and obesity. Structurally ZAG possesses a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein fold. It is distinct from other members of this protein family in that it is soluble, rather than being anchored to plasma membranes and it associates with prolactin inducible protein rather than beta2 microglobulin. Similar to peptide antigen-presenting class I MHC molecules, ZAG possesses an open apical groove between its alpha1 and alpha2 domain helices.

Supplier: Adipogen

Microtubules are key elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton that dynamically assemble from heterodimers of alpha- and beta-tubulin. Two different mechanisms can generate microtubule diversity: the expression of different alpha- and beta-tubulin genes, referred to as tubulin isotypes, and the generation of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on alpha- and beta-tubulin. Tubulin PTMs include the well-known acetylation or phosphorylation, and others that have so far mostly been found on tubulin, detyrosination/tyrosination, polyglutamylation and polyglycylation. These PTMs might have evolved to specifically regulate tubulin and microtubule functions. Tubulin acetylation was discovered on K40 of flagellar alpha-tubulin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and is generally enriched on stable microtubules in cells. It is located on the microtubule lumenal surface. As a result of its localization at the inner face of microtubules, K40 acetylation might rather affect the binding of microtubule inner proteins, a poorly characterized family of proteins. Functional experiments in cells have further suggested that K40 acetylation regulates intracellular transport by regulating the traffic of kinesin motors probably by indirect mechanisms. Acetyltransferase alpha-Tat1 (or Mec-17) specifically acetylate alpha-tubulin K40. Acetylation of tubulin by alpha-Tat1 accumulates selectively in stable, long-lived microtubules thus explaining the link between this posttranslational modication and stable microtubules in cells. However, the direct cellular function of K40 acetylation on microtubules is still unclear.

Supplier: Adipogen

VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) is a proline-rich protein substrate of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. VASP is an actin-associated protein involved in a range of processes dependent on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity such as axon guidance, lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics, platelet activation and cell migration. VASP promotes actin filament elongation. It protects the barbed end of growing actin filaments against capping and increases the rate of actin polymerization in the presence of capping proteins. VASP stimulates actin filament elongation by promoting the transfer of profilin-bound actin monomers onto the barbed end of growing actin filaments and it plays a role in actin-based mobility of Listeria monocytogenes in host cells. It regulates actin dynamics in platelets and plays an important role in regulating platelet aggregation. VASP phosphorylation is used to monitor the effect of so-called antiplatelet drugs that reduce platelet reactivity and are used to prevent stent thrombosis, strokes and heart attacks in patients. Phosphorylation of VASP at Ser157 causes a mobility shift in SDS gel electrophoresis from 46 to 50kDa, which has been used as a convenient marker to monitor cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity.

Supplier: Adipogen

Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), first identified in the 1960s, derives its name from its precipitation from human plasma upon the addition of zinc salts. ZAG has since been found in secretory epithelial cells and in a range of body fluids. ZAG is identical to a lipid mobilizing factor isolated from the urine of patients with cancer cachexia and stimulates lipolysis in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Due to its expression in, and secretion from adipocytes, ZAG is considered an adipokine. Recently the clinical significance of ZAG has been clarified. ZAG expression in adipocytes is inversely related to fat mass, thus it is intimately involved in the maintenance of body weight in mice and humans. Epidemiological studies have uncovered an association between ZAG and plasma cholesterol. The non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism rs4215 in ZAG is associated with plasma cholesterol and obesity. Structurally ZAG possesses a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein fold. It is distinct from other members of this protein family in that it is soluble, rather than being anchored to plasma membranes, and it associates with prolactin inducible protein rather than beta2-microglobulin. Similar to peptide antigen-presenting class I MHC molecules, ZAG possesses an open apical groove between its alpha1 and alpha2 domain helices.

Supplier: Adipogen

Profilin (PFN1) is a ubiquitous small (12-15kDa) phosphoinositide and poly-L-proline binding protein that plays a role in signal transduction pathways and actin filament dynamics. There are two mammalian profilins with similar biochemical properties. Whereas profilin I appears to be highly expressed in most tissues except for skeletal muscle, profilin II is predominantly expressed in brain and at lower levels also in skeletal muscle, uterus and kidney. Profilin is a mainly cytosolic protein with higher concentrations in dynamic membrane areas like the leading edge and ruffling membranes. Profilin binding to PIP2 interferes with PIP2 hydrolysis by soluble phospholipase C-gamma, an inhibition that can be overcome by tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma. Besides actin monomer sequestration and stimulation of actin nucleotide exchange, profilin can also promote cellular actin filament growth. Profilin is involved in the actin dependent intracellular motility of cytopathogenic bacteria, the regulation of cell adhesion and possibly also in linking the actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis. Profilin has been found to associate with defined complexes containing proteins such as Arp2/3 or the Rho/Rac pathways constituents ROCK-II and HEM2/NAP1. Defects in PFN1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18 (ALS18).

Supplier: Adipogen

VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) is a proline-rich protein substrate of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. VASP is an actin-associated protein involved in a range of processes dependent on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity such as axon guidance, lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics, platelet activation and cell migration. VASP promotes actin filament elongation. It protects the barbed end of growing actin filaments against capping and increases the rate of actin polymerization in the presence of capping proteins. VASP stimulates actin filament elongation by promoting the transfer of profilin-bound actin monomers onto the barbed end of growing actin filaments and it plays a role in actin-based mobility of Listeria monocytogenes in host cells. It regulates actin dynamics in platelets and plays an important role in regulating platelet aggregation. VASP phosphorylation is used to monitor the effect of so-called antiplatelet drugs that reduce platelet reactivity and are used to prevent stent thrombosis, strokes and heart attacks in patients. Phosphorylation of VASP at Ser157 causes a mobility shift in SDS gel electrophoresis from 46 to 50kDa, which has been used as a convenient marker to monitor cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity.

Supplier: Adipogen

Disruption of the precise balance of positive and negative molecular regulators of blood and lymphatic vessel growth can lead to myriad diseases. Although dozens of natural inhibitors of hemangiogenesis have been identified, an endogenous selective inhibitor of lymphatic vessel growth has not been previously described. A splice variant of the gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) that encodes a secreted form of the protein, designated endogenous soluble VEGFR-2 (esVEGFR-2/KDR) has been described. The endogenous soluble esKDR inhibits developmental and reparative lymphangiogenesis by blocking VEGF-C function. Tissue-specific loss of esKDR in mice induced, at birth, spontaneous lymphatic invasion of the normally alymphatic cornea and hyperplasia of skin lymphatics without affecting blood vasculature. Administration of esKDR inhibited lymphangiogenesis but not hemangiogenesis induced by corneal suture injury or transplantation, enhanced corneal allograft survival and suppressed lymphangioma cellular proliferation. Naturally occurring esKDR thus acts as a molecular uncoupler of blood and lymphatic vessels; modulation of esKDR might have therapeutic effects in treating lymphatic vascular malformations, transplantation rejection and, potentially, tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphedema.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a costimulatory factor for production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to toxic shock and shares functional similarities with IL-12. IL-18 is synthesized as a precursor 24kDa molecule without a signal peptide and must be cleaved to produce an active molecule. IL-1 converting enzyme (ICE; Caspase-1) cleaves pro-IL-18 at aspartic acid in the P1 position, producing the mature, bioactive peptide that is readily released from the cells. It is reported that IL-18 is produced from Kupffer cells, activated macrophages, keratinocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, osteoblasts, adrenal cortex cells and murine diencephalon. IFN-gamma is produced by activated T or NK cells and plays critical roles in the defense against microbiral pathogens. IFN-gamma activates macrophages and enhances NK activity and B cell maturation, proliferation and Ig secretion. IFN-gamma also induces expression of MHC class I and II antigens and inhibits osteoclast activation. IL-18 acts on T helper type-1 (Th1) T cells and in combination with IL-12 strongly induces them to produce IFN-gamma. Pleiotropic effects of IL-18 have also been reported, such as enhancement production of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, production of Th1 cytokines, IL-2, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma in T cells and enhancement of Fas ligand expression by Th1 cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD86 (B7-2) is a 60-100 kDa variably glycosylated protein in the B7 family. B7 family members are transmembrane cell surface molecules that play important roles in immune activation and the maintenance of immune tolerance. B7-2 is highly expressed on activated antigen presenting cells (APC), e.g. B cells, dendritic cells and monocytes as well as on vascular endothelial cells. B7-2 and the closely related CD80 (B7-1) exhibit overlapping but distinct functional properties. Their binding to CD28, which is constitutively expressed on T cells, enhances T cell receptor signaling and also provides TCR-independent costimulation. B7-1 and B7-2 additionally bind the CD28-related protein CTLA-4, which is up-regulated and recruited to the immunological synapse (IS) at the onset of T cell activation. CTLA-4 ligation inhibits the T cell response and supports regulatory T cell function. B7-2 is expressed earlier than B7-1 following APC activation and both proteins bind with higher affinity to CTLA-4 than to CD28. B7-2 promotes the stabilization of CD28 in the IS, while B7-1 is primarily responsible for promoting CTLA-4 recruitment and accumulation in the IS. The relative participation of B7-1 and B7-2 in T cell costimulation can also alter the Th1/Th2 bias of the immune response. Both B7-1 and B7-2 serve as cellular receptors for B species adenoviruses.

Supplier: SCIEX

Significantly bolster your confidence in your mass spec data. QTRAP technology is a triple quad system like no other, with all the performance of a triple quad but added functionality to overcome matrix interferences, increase screening throughput, and more.

Supplier: Corning

AxyPrep™ Mag DyeClean utilizes a unique paramagnetic bead-based sequencing purification system optimized for the clean-up of excess dye terminator post sequencing reaction

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Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are closely related secreted ligands which bind with similar affinity to Tie-2. Tie-2 and angiopoietins have been shown to play critical roles in embryogenic angiogenesis and in maintaining the integrity of the adult vasculature. Ang-1 activates Tie-2 signaling on endothelial cells to promote chemotaxis, cell survival, cell sprouting, vessel growth and stabilization. Ang-2 has been identified as a secreted protein ligand of Tie-2 and has alternatively been reported to be an antagonist for Ang-1 induced Tie-2 signaling as well as an agonist for Tie-2 signaling, depending on the cell context. anti-Angiopoietin-2, mAb (rec.) (blocking) (Angy-2-1) is an antibody developed by antibody phage display technology using a human naive antibody gene library. These libraries consist of scFv (single chain fragment variable) composed of VH (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain) and VL (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin light chain) connected by a polypeptide linker. The antibody fragments are displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage (M13). This scFv was selected by affinity selection on antigen in a process termed panning. Multiple rounds of panning are performed to enrich for antigen-specific scFv-phage. Monoclonal antibodies are subsequently identified by screening after each round of selection. The selected monoclonal scFv is cloned into an appropriate vector containing a Fc portion of interest and then produced in mammalian cells to generate an IgG like scFv-Fc fusion protein.

Supplier: Adipogen

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor and the founding member of the EGF family. All EGF family members are synthesized as type I transmembrane precursor proteins that may contain several EGF domains in the extracellular region. The mature proteins are released from the cell surface by regulated proteolysis. EGF is present in various body fluids, including blood, milk, urine, saliva, seminal fluid, pancreatic juice, cerebrospinal fluid, and amniotic fluid. Four ErbB (HER) family receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR/ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4, mediate responses to EGF family members. These receptors undergo a complex pattern of ligand induced homo or heterodimerization to transduce EGF family signals. EGF binds to the receptor EGFR stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. The tyrosine kinase activity initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell, including a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR, which lead to DNA synthesis, cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Other biological activities ascribed to EGF include epithelial development, angiogenesis, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, fibroblast proliferation, and colony formation of epidermal cells in culture. Defects in EGF are the cause of hypomagnesemia type 4 (HOMG4), also known as renal hypomagnesemia normocalciuric. HOMG4 is a disorder characterized by massive renal hypomagnesemia and normal levels of serum calcium and calcium excretion. Clinical features include seizures, mild-to mederate psychomotor retardation, and brisk tendon reflexes.

Supplier: Adipogen

HMGB1 was originally discovered as an essential DNA-binding protein for regulating p53, NF-kappaB and other important proteins. It is secreted from activated dentric cells, macrophage and nectrotic cells, and acts as a ligand for RAGE, TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressed on surrounding cells. As a result, HMGB1 activates Rac, CDC42 and NF-kappaB inducing localized innate immunity of damaged tissue, tissue regeneration by recruitment of stem cells and hemostasis by induction of tissue factor expression. HMGB1 is also a causative agent of various diseases as it causes localized inflammation such as arteriosclerosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis and nephritis. Anti-HMGB1, mAb (recombinant) (Giby-1-4) (Biotin) is an antibody developed by antibody phage display technology using a human naive antibody gene library. These libraries consist of scFv (single chain fragment variable) composed of VH (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain) and VL (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin light chain) connected by a polypeptide linker. The antibody fragments are displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage (M13). This scFv was selected by affinity selection on antigen in a process termed panning. Multiple rounds of panning are performed to enrich for antigen-specific scFv-phage. Monoclonal antibodies are subsequently identified by screening after each round of selection. The selected monoclonal scFv is cloned into an appropriate vector containing a Fc portion of interest and then produced in mammalian cells to generate an IgG like scFv-Fc fusion protein.

Supplier: Adipogen

alpha-Actinin 4 is an actin-bundling protein of ~100kDa that is associated with cell motility, endocytosis and cancer invasion. The alpha-actinin family comprises two non-muscle isoforms (alpha-actinin-1 and -4) and two skeletal muscle isoforms (alpha-actinin-2 and -3), with alpha-actinin-2 being also expressed in cardiac muscle. While alpha-actinin-4 is almost ubiquitously expressed, particularly high concentrations are found in glomeruli. On the subcellular level it is associated with actin stress fibers, but in certain cells it also localizes to the nucleus. Mutations in the alpha-actinin-4 gene cause an autosomal-dominant form of familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which is thought to result from a defect in glomerular podocyte function. A point mutation in the alpha-actinin-4 gene was found to generate an antigenic peptide that is recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) on a human lung carcinoma. alpha-Actinin-4 interacts with a variety of proteins, including the ring finger protein BERP, the PDZ-LIM protein CLP-36, the hemidesmosomal and cell-cell contact protein BP180, and the tight junction protein MAGI-1. Moreover, alpha-actinin-4 forms a ternary complex with Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and densin-180, a protein of postsynaptic densities in CNS neurons. Ca2+-dependent association of alpha-actinin-4 with E3KARP is required for Ca2+-dependent inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3).

Supplier: Adipogen

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are closely related secreted ligands which bind with similar affinity to Tie-2. Tie-2 and angiopoietins have been shown to play critical roles in embryogenic angiogenesis and in maintaining the integrity of the adult vasculature. Ang-1 activates Tie-2 signaling on endothelial cells to promote chemotaxis, cell survival, cell sprouting, vessel growth and stabilization. Ang-2 has been identified as a secreted protein ligand of Tie-2 and has alternatively been reported to be an antagonist for Ang-1 induced Tie-2 signaling as well as an agonist for Tie-2 signaling, depending on the cell context. anti-Angiopoietin-2 (human), mAb (rec.) (blocking) (Angy-1-4) (preservative free) is an antibody developed by antibody phage display technology using a human naive antibody gene library. These libraries consist of scFv (single chain fragment variable) composed of VH (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain) and VL (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin light chain) connected by a polypeptide linker. The antibody fragments are displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage (M13). This scFv was selected by affinity selection on antigen in a process termed panning. Multiple rounds of panning are performed to enrich for antigen-specific scFv-phage. Monoclonal antibodies are subsequently identified by screening after each round of selection. The selected monoclonal scFv is cloned into an appropriate vector containing a Fc portion of interest and then produced in mammalian cells to generate an IgG like scFv-Fc fusion protein.