"Microbial Detection"

Supplier: Bioss

Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the internalization of 2 intracellular microbial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri.Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoforms are differentially expressed in testes, kidney, liver heart, spleen, brain, peripheral blood leukocytes, skeletal muscle and kidney. Specific isoforms appear to demonstrate tissue specificity. Isoform 5 is the most highly expressed in fetal tissue. Isoform 1 is detected in all tissues except the brain and thymus, while isoform 2, isoform 3, and isoform 4 are detected at low levels in approximately half of the fetal tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the internalization of 2 intracellular microbial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri.Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoforms are differentially expressed in testes, kidney, liver heart, spleen, brain, peripheral blood leukocytes, skeletal muscle and kidney. Specific isoforms appear to demonstrate tissue specificity. Isoform 5 is the most highly expressed in fetal tissue. Isoform 1 is detected in all tissues except the brain and thymus, while isoform 2, isoform 3, and isoform 4 are detected at low levels in approximately half of the fetal tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the internalization of 2 intracellular microbial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri.Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoforms are differentially expressed in testes, kidney, liver heart, spleen, brain, peripheral blood leukocytes, skeletal muscle and kidney. Specific isoforms appear to demonstrate tissue specificity. Isoform 5 is the most highly expressed in fetal tissue. Isoform 1 is detected in all tissues except the brain and thymus, while isoform 2, isoform 3, and isoform 4 are detected at low levels in approximately half of the fetal tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the internalization of 2 intracellular microbial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri.Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoforms are differentially expressed in testes, kidney, liver heart, spleen, brain, peripheral blood leukocytes, skeletal muscle and kidney. Specific isoforms appear to demonstrate tissue specificity. Isoform 5 is the most highly expressed in fetal tissue. Isoform 1 is detected in all tissues except the brain and thymus, while isoform 2, isoform 3, and isoform 4 are detected at low levels in approximately half of the fetal tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the internalization of 2 intracellular microbial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri.Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoforms are differentially expressed in testes, kidney, liver heart, spleen, brain, peripheral blood leukocytes, skeletal muscle and kidney. Specific isoforms appear to demonstrate tissue specificity. Isoform 5 is the most highly expressed in fetal tissue. Isoform 1 is detected in all tissues except the brain and thymus, while isoform 2, isoform 3, and isoform 4 are detected at low levels in approximately half of the fetal tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the internalization of 2 intracellular microbial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri.Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Isoforms are differentially expressed in testes, kidney, liver heart, spleen, brain, peripheral blood leukocytes, skeletal muscle and kidney. Specific isoforms appear to demonstrate tissue specificity. Isoform 5 is the most highly expressed in fetal tissue. Isoform 1 is detected in all tissues except the brain and thymus, while isoform 2, isoform 3, and isoform 4 are detected at low levels in approximately half of the fetal tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Enhances caspase-9-mediated apoptosis. Induces NF-kappa-B activity via RIPK2 and IKK-gamma. Confers responsiveness to intracellular bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Forms an intracellular sensing system along with ARHGEF2 for the detection of microbial effectors during cell invasion by pathogens. Required for RHOA and RIPK2 dependent NF-kappa-B signaling pathway activation upon S.flexneri cell invasion. Involved not only in sensing peptidoglycan (PGN)-derived muropeptides but also in the activation of NF-kappa-B by Shigella effector proteins IpgB2 and OspB. Recruits NLRP10 to the cell membrane following bacterial infection.

Supplier: AAT Bioquest

This D-Ala-AMC is a fluorogenic aminopeptidase and endopeptidase substrate used for the detection of enzymatic activity of microorganisms collected from the surface of aerobically cold-stored pork and beef.

Supplier: Prosci

CD14 is a cell surface glycoprotein that is preferentially expressed on monocytes/macrophages. CD14 is anchored to cells by linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and functions as a pattern recognition receptor that binds lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and a variety of ligands derived from different microbial sources. The binding of CD14 with LPS is catalyzed by LPS binding protein (LBP). Toll like receptors have also been implicated in the transduction of CD14-LPS signals. Soluble CD14 can be released from the cell surface by phosphatidyinositolspecific phospholipase C and has been detected in serum and body fluids. High concentrations of soluble CD14 have been shown to inhibit LPS mediated responses. However, soluble CD14 can also potentiate LPS response in cells that do not express cell surface CD14.

Supplier: Prosci

Caspase-8 Antibody: Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that can be divided into the apoptotic and inflammatory caspase subfamilies. Unlike the apoptotic caspases, members of the inflammatory subfamily are generally not involved in cell death but are associated with the immune response to microbial pathogens. The apoptotic subfamily can be further divided into initiator caspases, which are activated in response to death signals, and executioner caspases, which are activated by the initiator caspases and are responsible for cleavage of cellular substrates that ultimately lead to cell death. Caspase-8 is an initiator caspase that was identified as a member of the Fas/APO-1 death-inducing signaling complex. The adaptor molecule FADD couples procaspase-8 to the Fas receptor death domain; subsequent oligomerization promotes procaspase-8 autoactivation. FLIP, a catalytically inactive caspase-8-like molecule inhibits these interactions and thus can inhibit apoptosis. This antibody will only detect isoform E of caspase-8.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

ST2 antibody detects mouse ST2 and is common to all three isoforms. ST2 is a member of a superfamily containing the interleukin-1 receptor and the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The TLRs are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. ST2 was originally identified as a protein whose production was stimulated by various proliferation-inducing agents such as PDGF and FGF. More recently, it has been shown to negatively regulate IL-1 receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling and to maintain endotoxin tolerance. It has been suggested that the inhibition of TLR4 signaling occurs through the association and sequestering of TLR adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP. Anti-ST2 antibodies are ideal for investigators involved in cytokine and growth factors research.

Supplier: Cayman Chemical Company

Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a nucleotidyltransferase located in the cytosol that acts as a cytosolic DNA sensor to detect foreign DNA from microbial pathogens as part of the innate immune response. Upon binding to cytosolic DNA, cGAS produces the cyclic dinucleotide second messenger cGAMP, which activates (STING), leading to activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. In vitro, fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells isolated from cGAS knockout (cGAS^-/-) mice do not produce type I IFNs following DNA transfection or DNA virus infection. Similarly, cells containing a frame-shift mutation in the cGAS locus fail to mount an immune response to HIV and other retroviruses. In vivo, cGAS^-/- mice infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) have lower levels of IFN-α and IFN-β, shorter survival times, and higher post-mortem levels of HSV-1 in the brain.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that can be divided into the apoptotic and inflammatory caspase subfamilies. Unlike the apoptotic caspases, members of the inflammatory subfamily are generally not involved in cell death but are associated with the immune response to microbial pathogens. The apoptotic subfamily can be further divided into initiator caspases, which are activated in response to death signals, and executioner caspases, which are activated by the initiator caspases and are responsible for cleavage of cellular substrates that ultimately lead to cell death. Caspase-8 is an initiator caspase that was identified as a member of the Fas/APO-1 death-inducing signaling complex. The adaptor molecule FADD couples procaspase-8 to the Fas receptor death domain; subsequent oligomerization promotes procaspase-8 autoactivation. FLIP, a catalytically inactive caspase-8-like molecule inhibits these interactions and thus can inhibit apoptosis. This antibody will only detect isoform E of caspase-8.

Supplier: Prosci

Caspase-8 Antibody: Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that can be divided into the apoptotic and inflammatory caspase subfamilies. Unlike the apoptotic caspases, members of the inflammatory subfamily are generally not involved in cell death but are associated with the immune response to microbial pathogens. The apoptotic subfamily can be further divided into initiator caspases, which are activated in response to death signals, and executioner caspases, which are activated by the initiator caspases and are responsible for cleavage of cellular substrates that ultimately lead to cell death. Caspase-8 is an initiator caspase that was identified as a member of the Fas/APO-1 death-inducing signaling complex. The adaptor molecule FADD couples procaspase-8 to the Fas receptor death domain; subsequent oligomerization promotes procaspase-8 autoactivation. FLIP, a catalytically inactive caspase-8-like molecule inhibits these interactions and thus can inhibit apoptosis. This antibody will only detect isoform E of caspase-8.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

TLR3 antibody detects the human TLR3. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR3 is known to recognize viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Recently it has been shown to recognize viruses such as Influenza A and West Nile Virus and can mediate entry of at least West Nile Virus. Anti-TRL3 antibodies are ideal for investigators involved in kinase and phosphatase, transcription factors and infectious disease research.

Supplier: Cayman Chemical Company

Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) (161-522) is a truncated form of cGAS (Item No. 22810) that contains the nucleotidyltransferase and Mab21 domains. cGAS is a nucleotidyltransferase located in the cytosol that acts as a cytosolic DNA sensor to detect foreign DNA from microbial pathogens as part of the innate immune response. Upon binding to cytosolic DNA, cGAS produces the cyclic dinucleotide second messenger cGAMP, which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING), leading to activation of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. In vitro, fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells isolated from cGAS knockout (cGAS^-/-) mice do not produce type I IFNs following DNA transfection or DNA virus infection. Similarly, cells containing a frame-shift mutation in the cGAS locus fail to mount an immune response to HIV and other retroviruses. In vivo, cGAS^-/- mice infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) have lower levels of IFN-α and IFN-β, shorter survival times, and higher post-mortem levels of HSV-1 in the brain.