421 Results for: "FUJIFILM IRVINE SCIENTIFIC, INC"

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Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes. IL-7 signals through the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) to promote the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. IL-7 is also a regulator of intestinal mucosal lymphocyte proliferation. Human and mouse IL-7 show species cross-reactivity.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

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Chemerin is a chemoattractant adipokine that is expressed in white adipose, liver, skin, and lung tissues. Chemerin is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (ChemR23), which is expressed on dendritic cells, macrophages, and adipocytes.

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Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) is a growth factor that is important during embryonic development, especially during lung, limb, brain, heart, and kidney morphogenesis. FGF-10 is expressed in mesenchymal cells and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal signaling through binding the epithelially expressed FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b). FGF-10 also functions as a mitogen for keratinizing epidermal cells, and induces the migration and invasion of cancer cells.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-α signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed on most cell types, unlike TNFR2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNF-α functions to stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages, chemoattract neutrophils, increase insulin resistance, and induce fever.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

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Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a member of a small group of hedgehog secreted proteins that are essential for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. There are three mammalian hedgehog homologues, sonic, desert, and indian, that signal via the Patched-1 and Patched-2 receptors. SHH is a morphogen that is essential during vertebrate organogenesis and adult stem cell division.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in monocytes, and promotes type 2 T helper (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is upregulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory lymphokine that functions during cell-mediated immmunity. MIF promotes fibroblast migration by inducing interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In interferon-gamma-activated macrophages, MIF stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion.

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Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) families and functions to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues. GDF-5 is expressed in the central nervous system and promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDF-5 is also important during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Interleukin 17E (IL-17E), also known as IL-25, is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17E binds to the IL-17RB receptor to stimulate the secretion of the proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine and to induce the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Mouse IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with human IFN-γ.

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Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 acts to stimulate an immune response upon infection or trauma. IL-6 has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, is capable of promoting fever, and signals through the cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex containing the IL-6Ra and gp130 chains.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Mouse IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with human IFN-γ.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Growth regulated protein gamma (GRO-gamma), also called CXCL3, acts through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 to promote monocyte migration and adhesion. GRO-gamma also induces the migration of cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells.

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Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin.  Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), and TGF-β1.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection.  EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35).  Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) expression in monocytes, and promotes T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is up-regulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family that is made by a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. LIF signals through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimer to activate STAT3 and MAPK signaling. LIF functions during hematopoietic differentiation, neuronal cell differentiation, kidney development, and inflammatory processes. Mouse LIF promotes mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and pluripotency in long-term cell culture systems, similar to the functional activity of FGF-basic in human ES cell culture systems.

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WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP-2) is a member of the CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family of regulatory factors. WISP-2 is expressed in ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal lineages, including primary osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipogenic precursor cells. WISP-2 is a canonical WNT ligand that regulates cell proliferation, adhesion, and metastasis. Secreted WISP-2 promotes mesenchymal precursor cell proliferation and maintains them in an undifferentiated state. In bone-forming osteoblasts, WISP-2 promotes osteoblast adhesion and inhibits osteocalcin production.

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Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3 ligand) is a growth factor that regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation. FLT-3 ligand signaling is transmitted through the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) receptor. FLT-3 ligand promotes the long-term expansion and differentiation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7) or in combination of IL-7 and interleukin 3 (IL-3).

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death.

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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) binds the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) to antagonize interleukin 1 alpha and beta signaling. IL-1RA is secreted by immune cells, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes to inhibit IL-1-induced inflammation. IL-1RA therapy is used to treat auto-inflammatory diseases such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.