"Bioss"

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The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) comprise a structurally related subfamily of serine/threonine kinases. CaMKI Beta (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1B), also known as PNCK (pregnancy up-regulated non-ubiquitously expressed CaM kinase) or BSTK3, is a 343 amino acid protein that localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and contains one protein kinase domain. Existing as multiple alternatively spliced isoforms, CaMKI Beta functions to catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of CaMKI, an event that activates CaMKI activity and may be important for Ca2+-triggered signaling cascades within the cell. The gene encoding CaMKI Beta maps to human chromosome X, which contains nearly 153 million base pairs and houses over 1,000 genes.

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This gene encodes a member of the dishevelled (dsh) protein family. The vertebrate dsh proteins have approximately 40% amino acid sequence similarity with Drosophila dsh. This gene encodes a 90-kD protein that undergoes posttranslational phosphorylation to form a 95-kD cytoplasmic protein, which may play a role in the signal transduction pathway mediated by multiple Wnt proteins. The mechanisms of dishevelled function in Wnt signaling are likely to be conserved among metazoans. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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Molecular scaffold protein for various multimeric protein complexes. Acts as a module in the assembly of a multicomponent scaffold for the ERK pathway, linking ERK responses to specific agonists. At low concentrations it enhances ERK activation, whereas high concentrations lead to the inhibition of ERK activation. Also involved in response to hypoxia by acting as a negative regulator of HIF1A/HIF-1-alpha via its interaction with EGLN3/PHD3. May promote degradation of HIF1A. May act by recruiting signaling complexes to a specific upstream activator (By similarity). May also be involved in pre-mRNA splicing.

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Chromosome 14 contains about 700 genes and 106 million base pairs and makes up about 3.5% of human cellular DNA. Chromosome 14 encodes the presinilin 1 (PSEN1) gene, which is one of the three key genes associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease. The SERPINA1 gene is located on chromosome 14 and when defective leads to the genetic disorder ?-antitrypsin deficiency. This disorder is characterized by severe lung complications and liver dysfunction. Notably, the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is found on chromosome 14 and has been identified as a fusion with the chromosome 19 encoded protein BCL3 in the (14;19) translocations found in a variety of B cell malignancies. The FAM71D gene product has been provisionally designated FAM71D pending further characterization.

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Substrate recognition component of an SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Recognizes and binds phosphorylated sites/phosphodegrons within target proteins and thereafter bring them to the SCF complex for ubiquitination (PubMed:17434132). Identified substrates include cyclin-E (CCNE1 or CCNE2), JUN, MYC, NOTCH1 released notch intracellular domain (NICD), and probably PSEN1 (PubMed:11565034, PubMed:12354302, PubMed:11585921, PubMed:15103331, PubMed:14739463, PubMed:17558397, PubMed:17873522, PubMed:22608923). Acts as a negative regulator of JNK signaling by binding to phosphorylated JUN and promoting its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (PubMed:14739463).

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Receptor for angiotensin II. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.

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Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are responsible for several insulin related activities, such as glucose homeostasis, cell growth, cell transformation, apoptosis and insulin signal transduction. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS1 has been demonstrated to be a negative regulator of insulin signaling and is responsible for its degradation, although IRS1 degradation pathways are not well understood. IRS1 has also been shown to be constitutively activated in cancers such as breast cancer, Wilm's tumors, and adrenal cortical carcinomas, thus making IRS1 phosphorylation and subsequent degradation an attractive therapeutic target. To date there have been four subtypes identified: IRS1, 2, 3 and 4, with IRS1 being widely expressed.

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This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase which is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form between cells growing in the presence of extracellular matrix constituents. The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. Activation of this gene may be an important early step in cell growth and intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered in response to certain neural peptides or to cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length natures of only three of them have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

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The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2. It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).

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Zinc-finger proteins contain DNA-binding domains and have a wide variety of functions, most of which encompass some form of transcriptional activation or repression. ZDHHC1 (zinc finger, DHHC-type containing 1), also known as ZNF377 (zinc finger protein 377) or C16orf1, is a 485 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that contains one DHHC-type zinc finger. Expressed in fetal heart, lung and kidney and also present in adult lung and pancreas, ZDHHC1 functions as a palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA and protein-cysteine to S-palmitoyl protein and CoA. Like ZDHHC1, ZDHHC5, ZDHHC6, ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC18 each contain one DHHC-type zinc finger through which they convey palmitoyltransferase activity against a broad range of substrates, including H-Ras, SNAP 25 and GABAA R proteins.

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Cleaves C-terminal amino acids linked to proline in peptides such as angiotensin II, III and des-Arg9-bradykinin. This cleavage occurs at acidic pH, but enzymatic activity is retained with some substrates at neutral pH.

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Plays an important role in integrin-mediated signaling and functions both in regulating cell migration and immune responses. Promotes formation of focal adhesion complexes, activation of the protein kinase PTK2/FAK1 and subsequent phosphorylation of MAPK1 and MAPK3. Promotes production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes and macrophages. Plays an important role in modulating inflammation and T-cell-mediated immune responses. Promotes axon growth in the embryonic olfactory bulb. Promotes attachment, spreading and dendrite outgrowth in melanocytes.

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L glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.

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Purines are critical for energy metabolism, cell signaling and cell reproduction and also function as precursors for coenzymes, energy transfer molecules, regulatory factors and proteins involved in RNA and DNA synthesis. GART (GAR transformylase), also referred to as AIRS, GARS, PAIS, PGFT, PRGS or GARTF, is 1,010 amino acids in length and is a key folate-dependent trifunctional enzyme with phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase and AICAR (phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase) activity required for de novo purine biosynthesis. Cancer cells require considerable amounts of purines to sustain their accelerated growth and GART is, therefore, a target for cancer chemotherapy. GART is highly conserved in vertebrates. Two isoforms of GART are expressed due to alternative splicing events.

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Receptor for the C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP hormone. Has guanylate cyclase activity upon binding of its ligand. May play a role in the regulation of skeletal growth.

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Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) ELISA Kit