4829 Results for: "Adipogen"

Supplier: Adipogen

RIG-I and MDA5 are highly conserved helicases involved in the innate immune response to virus. RIG-I is a member of the DEAD-box RNA helicases and is activated by cytoplasmic dsRNA and 5'-ppp RNA produced during the viral replication. The protein is characterized by a N-terminal region with two caspase recruitment domains (CARD) and a C-terminal region harboring potential ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity. RIG-I recruits the CARD adaptor inducing IFN-beta (Cardif) in a CARD-CARD-dependent manner resulting in NF-kappaB and IRF3 activation.

Supplier: Adipogen

B7-H4 is a B7 family member that negatively regulates T cell immunity by inhibiting of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cell cycle progression. In vitro, B7-H4 inhibits CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs). In vivo, blockade of endogenous B7-H4 by specific monoclonal antibody promotes T cell responses. B7-H4 ia an important negative regulator of innate immunity through growth inhibition of neutrophils. B7-H4 is expressed on some tumor cancer cells. The role of B7-H4 in tumor progression may be to transform precancerous cells and then protect them from immunosurveillance.

Supplier: Adipogen

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, B7-H1 or CD274) is a member of the growing B7 family of immune proteins that provide signals for both stimulating and inhibiting T cell activation. CD274 has been identified as one of two ligands for programmed death 1 (PD-1), a member of the CD28 family of immunoreceptors. CD274 is widely expressed in several organs such as heart, skeletal muscle, placenta and lung, and in lower amounts in thymus, spleen, kidney and liver. CD274 expression is upregulated in a small fraction of activated T and B cells and a much larger fraction of activated monocytes. CD274 expression is also induced in dendritic cells and keratinocytes after IFN-gamma stimulation. CD274 expression is also upregulated in a variety of tumor cell lines. Interaction of CD274 with PD-1 results in inhibition of TCR mediated proliferation and cytokine production, suggesting an inhibitory role in regulating immune responses. The CD274 - PD-1 pathway is involved in the negative regulation of some immune responses and may play an important role in the regulation of peripheral tolerance.

Supplier: Adipogen

TRAIL-R2 is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. Promotes the activation of NF-kappaB.

Supplier: Adipogen

TRAIL-R2 is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. Promotes the activation of NF-kappaB.

Supplier: Adipogen

TRAIL-R3 is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. It lacks a cytoplasmic death domain and hence is not capable of inducing apoptosis. Protects cells against TRAIL mediated apoptosis by competing with TRAIL-R1 and R2 for binding to the ligand.

Supplier: Adipogen

Three receptors for BAFF were recently identified and designated TACI, BCMA and BAFF-R. BAFF-R signaling is essential for B cell development, survival and humoral immune responses.

Supplier: Adipogen

Three receptors for BAFF were recently identified and designated TACI, BCMA and BAFF-R. BAFF-R signaling is essential for B cell development, survival and humoral immune responses.

Supplier: Adipogen

RELM-alpha is a member to the family of adipocyte-secreted proteins called adipocytokines. It is abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue but not in preadipocytes, nor 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RELM-alpha is involved in the regulation of colonic inflammation and might be a link between colonic injury, glucose tolerance, and energy intake.

Supplier: Adipogen

GITR is the receptor for TNFSF18. It is involved in interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells and in the regulation of T-cell receptor-mediated cell death. Mediates NF-kappaB activation via the TRAF2/NIK pathway.

Supplier: Adipogen

The adipocytokine resistin which belongs to a family of cysteine-rich C-terminal proteins known as resistin-like molecules (RELM; RELMalpha/FIZZ 1 and RELMbeta/FIZZ 2) of FIZZ (found in inflammatory zone) are thought to be involved in inflammatory processes. Previous studies in mice showed that resistin impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action. In addition, resistin also inhibits adipogenesis in murine 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore resistin has also been proposed as an adipocyte-secreted factor thought to link obesity and T2DM.

Supplier: Adipogen

Caspase-1 is the best-described inflammatory caspase. It processes the cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 and induces pyroptotic cell death. Caspase-1 is activated by multiprotein complexes called Inflammasomes in response to numerous stimuli that are detected through distinct inflammasomes. NLRC4 responds to cytosolic flagellin, murine NLRP1b responds to anthrax lethal toxin, AIM2 responds to cytosolic DNA and NLRP3 responds to a variety of agonists including crystals.

Supplier: Adipogen

FABP4 is a fatty acid binding protein in adipocytes. Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. FABPs regulate the fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism. aP2, the mouse form of FABP4, seems to be central to the pathway that links obesity to insulin resistance. aP2 was shown to be an adipokine linking adipocytes to hepatic glucose production and that neutralizing secreted aP2 may represent an effective therapeutic strategy against diabetes.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human immunoglobulins are glycoproteins composed of two disulfide-bonded heavy (H) chain subunits, each of which is linked by interchain disulfide bonds to a light (L) chain forming a tetramolecular complex. There are five classes of immunoglobulins, designated IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE, which are defined by differences in the constant region of H chains. L chains are divided into kappa or lambda classifications based on structural antigenic differences. All classes of immunoglobulins have been found on the cell surface of B lymphocytes where they function as antigen receptors to elicit antigen-dependent proliferation and secretion of antigen specific soluble circulating antibodies.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human surface membrane bound IgM complexes with a heterodimer of transmembrane proteins of Igalpha and Igbeta (CD79a and CD79b) to form the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). The BCR complex plays an important role in B cell development and activation. The transmembrane region of mIgM is essential for functional BCR complex assembly.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human T cell receptor (TCR) is a T cell surface expressed heterodimer of alpha/beta or gamma/delta chains. TCR’s recognize antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules forming the basis of antigen specific response by T cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human MHC Class II (HLA-DP, DQ & DR) molecules are expressed on dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and myeloid beta cells. MHC Class II molecules are heterodimers of polymorphic transmembrane a and b chains and generally bind exogenously derived peptides of about 10-17 amino acids. MHC Class II molecules interact with the T cell receptor on CD4+ T cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human MHC Class I (HLA-A, B & C) molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells. MHC Class I molecules consist of heterodimers of a highly polymorphic transmembrane alpha chain and an invariant beta chain. MHC Class I molecules bind to endogenously synthesized peptides of about 8-10 amino acids which are presented to CD8+ T cells. Evidence indicates exogenously derived peptides are also presented by MHC Class I molecules.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human MHC Class I (HLA-A, B & C) molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells. MHC Class I molecules consist of heterodimers of a highly polymorphic transmembrane alpha chain and an invariant beta chain. MHC Class I molecules bind to endogenously synthesized peptides of about 8-10 amino acids which are presented to CD8+ T cells. Evidence indicates exogenously derived peptides are also presented by MHC Class I molecules.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD49b is an integrin alpha2 subunit that forms a heterodimer with beta1 integrin and functions as an adhesion molecule.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD8 is a heterodimeric protein consisting of an alpha and beta chain, each about 33kDa. CD8 is expressed on most thymocytes and on about one third of peripheral blood T cells. CD8 is a co-receptor involved in antigen recognition and binds to the alpha2 and alpha3 domain of MHC Class I molecules.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD8 is a heterodimeric protein consisting of an alpha and beta chain, each about 33kDa. CD8 is expressed on most thymocytes and on about one third of peripheral blood T cells. CD8 is a co-receptor involved in antigen recognition and binds to the alpha2 and alpha3 domain of MHC Class I molecules.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD8 is a heterodimeric protein consisting of an alpha and beta chain, each about 33kDa. CD8 is expressed on most thymocytes and on about one third of peripheral blood T cells. CD8 is a co-receptor involved in antigen recognition and binds to the alpha2 and alpha3 domain of MHC Class I molecules.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD7 is one of the earliest T lineage markers and is found on most thymocytes and peripheral blood T cells. The function of CD7 is not yet fully known, although cross-linking of CD7 with antibodies induces a T cell transmembrane calcium flux and CD7 expression is induced by ionomycin.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD11b (alpha M integrin) complexes with CD18 (beta 2 integrin) to form the complement receptor type 3 (CR3) heterodimer which binds to ICAM-1, fibrinogen, C3b and coagulation factor X. CD11b expression is restricted to leukocytes, mainly to myeloid and NK cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD7 is one of the earliest T lineage markers and is found on most thymocytes and peripheral blood T cells. The function of CD7 is not yet fully known, although cross-linking of CD7 with antibodies induces a T cell transmembrane calcium flux and CD7 expression is induced by ionomycin.

Supplier: Adipogen

DLK1 (Protein delta homolog 1; Preadipocyte factor 1; Pref-1) is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation found in serum and urine. DLK1 might be a decoy ligand. Serum or plasma levels of soluble DLK1 affect negatively or positively adipogenesis and control mesenchymal cell fate. DLK1 is frequently upregulated in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients compared to non-leukemic individuals.

Supplier: Adipogen

NQO1 is a cytosolic antioxidant flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of highly reactive quinone metabolites and their derivatives by using NAD(P)H as an electron donor. Thus NQO1 acts as a detoxyfying enzyme and is involved in the body's protection against oxidative stress. NQO1 acts as a protein chaperone, one of its targets being p53. In humans NQO1 is expressed at high levels in adipocytes and its expression levels are positively correlated with adiposity, glucose tolerance, and makers of liver dysfunction. Altered expression of NQO1 is associated with Alzheimer's disease. NQO1 is abnormally elevated in many types of solid tumors and may represent a useful biomarker of pancreatic cancer.

Supplier: Adipogen

FABP4 is a fatty acid binding protein in adipocytes. Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. FABPs regulate the fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism. aP2, the mouse form of FABP4, seems to be central to the pathway that links obesity to insulin resistance.

Supplier: Adipogen

Obestatin derives like ghrelin from proghrelin, but exhibits opposite physiological effects. Obestatin decreases food intake and body weight in rodents. Moreover, obestatin also counteracts ghrelin's effect by decelerating gastric emptying and decreasing intestinal contractility. Obestatin binds to orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR39. Amidation of the C-terminus seems to be important for obestatin's activity.