4829 Results for: "Adipogen"

Supplier: Adipogen

T cells require a signal induced by the engagement of the T cell receptor and a costimulatory signal(s) through distinct T cell surface molecules for optimal T cell activation and tolerance. CD273 (PD-L2) is one of two ligands for programmed death-1 (PD-1; CD279), a member of the CD28 family of immunoreceptors. The other identified ligand is PD-L1. CD273 is broadly expressed and also up regulated in a variety of tumor cell lines. On previously activated T cells, CD273 interaction with PD-1 inhibits TCR mediated proliferation and cytokine production, suggesting an inhibitory role in regulating immune responses. CD273 has a costimulatory function on resting T cells activated with suboptimal TCR signals.

Supplier: Adipogen

Mouse CD275 (B7-H2) is a member of the growing B7 family of immune costimulatory proteins. CD275 has been identified as the ligand for ICOS, a member of the CD28 family of co-stimulatory receptors. Mouse CD275 is expressed on resting B cells and at low levels on monocytes. The CD275/ICOS interaction appears to play roles in T cell dependent B cell activation and Th differentiation.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD278, also called inducible costimulator (ICOS) or CRP1 (CD28-related protein-1), is a member of the growing CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors. Other family members are CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1. ICOS is expressed on most CD45RO+ cells. ICOS expression is upregulated within approximately 24-48 hours of activation on Th primed cells. B7-H2, a member of the B7 family of costimulatory ligands, has been identified as the ICOS ligand. The B7-H2/ICOS interaction appears to play roles in T cell dependent B cell activation and Th differentiation.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was originally discovered as a neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor and is a member of the alpha (CXC) subfamily of chemokines (including also platelet factor 4, GRO, IP-10, etc.). Many cell types, including monocyte/macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, chondrocytes and various tumor cell lines, produce IL-8 in response to a wide variety of proinflammatory stimuli such as exposure to IL-1, TNF, LPS and viruses. IL-8 has a wide range of other proinflammatory effects. It is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and causes degranulation of neutrophil specific granules and azurophilic granules. IL-8 induces expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD11/CD18 and enhances the adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix proteins. Besides neutrophils, IL-8 is also chemotactic for basophils, T cells and eosinophils. IL-8 has been reported to be a co-mitogen for keratinocytes and was also shown to be an autocrine growth factor for melanoma cells. IL-8 was also reported to be angiogenic both in vivo and in vitro.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-12 (IL-12), also known as Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory Factor (NKSF) or Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Maturation Factor (CLMF), is a heterodimeric pleiotropic cytokine made up of a 40 kDa (p40) subunit and a 35 kDa (p35) subunit. IL-12 is produced by macrophages and B lymphocytes and has been shown to have multiple effects on T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Some of these IL-12 activities include the induction of IFN-gamma and TNF in resting and activated T and NK cells; the enhancement of cytotoxic activity of resting NK and T cells, the stimulation of resting T cell proliferation in the presence of a comitogen; and the enhancement of NK cell proliferation. Current evidence indicates that IL-12 is a key mediator of cellular immunity and induces the differentiation of Th1 cells from precursor T helper cells. Based on its activities, it has been suggested that IL-12 may have therapeutic potential as a vaccine adjuvant that promotes cellular immunity and as an antitumor and anti viral agent.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was originally discovered as a neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor and is a member of the alpha (CXC) subfamily of chemokines (including also platelet factor 4, GRO, IP-10, etc.). Many cell types, including monocyte/macrophages, T cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, chondrocytes and various tumor cell lines, produce IL-8 in response to a wide variety of proinflammatory stimuli such as exposure to IL-1, TNF, LPS and viruses. IL-8 has a wide range of other proinflammatory effects. It is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and causes degranulation of neutrophil specific granules and azurophilic granules. IL-8 induces expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD11/CD18 and enhances the adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix proteins. Besides neutrophils, IL-8 is also chemotactic for basophils, T cells and eosinophils. IL-8 has been reported to be a co-mitogen for keratinocytes and was also shown to be an autocrine growth factor for melanoma cells. IL-8 was also reported to be angiogenic both in vivo and in vitro.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a key factor in the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses secreted by activated T cells. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is expressed in lymphoid tissue, in particular by NK, B, T and dendritic cells, macrophages and endothelial cells. Recent evidence suggests that IL-21 plays a supportive role in the proliferation of T and B cells and influences the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. IL-21 has been shown to up-regulate genes associated with innate immunity and to inhibit the differentiation of naïve T helper cells. IL-21 specifically inhibits IFN-gamma production from developing TH1 cells and is preferentially expressed by TH2 cells. Furthermore IL-21 has been identified as a growth and survival factor for human myeloma cells. IL-21/IL-21R interactions have a unique role in sequentially activating both innate and adaptive immune responses against poorly immunogenic tumors, leading to tumor rejection that is perforin dependent but IFN-gamma independent.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic alpha-helical cytokine that plays important roles in acute phase reactions, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and cancer progression. IL-6 activity is essential for the transition from acute inflammation to either acquired immunity or chronic inflammatory disease. It is secreted by multiple cell types as a 22kDa-28kDa phosphorylated and variably glycosylated molecule. IL-6 induces signaling through a cell surface heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a ligand binding subunit (IL-6R) and a signal transducing subunit (gp130). IL-6 is a key factor for the growth of plasma cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine produced by type 2 helper T cells, the Th2 cells. These cells tends to make a specific set of lymphokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-3 and GM-CSF and fail to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and lymphotoxin (TNF-beta). In addition, mast cells can produce IL-4. IL-4 exerts numerous effects on various hematopoietic cell types. On B cells, IL-4 promotes immunoglobulin class switching to IgE and IgG1 isotypes and upregulates MHC class II and CD23 expression. IL-4 promotes survival, growth, and differentiation of both T and B lymphocytes, mast cells and endothelial cells. In addition, IL-4 inhibits the production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 by macrophages.

Supplier: Adipogen

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 133 amino acid glycoprotein with one intramolecular disulfide bond and variable glycosylation. It is secreted by activated T cells and induces proliferation and maturation of activated T cells, natural killer cells, and lymphokine activated killer cells. IL-2 also stimulates proliferation of antibody-producing B cells, activates neutrophils, and induces mononuclear cells to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and -beta. Moreover, studies have shown that IL-2 is required for activation-induced apoptosis, an important hemeostatic mechanism in the immune system, which is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens.

Supplier: Adipogen

Naphthomycin B is an ansamycin antibiotic.

Supplier: Adipogen

Psicofuranine is a Nucleoside antibiotic.

Supplier: Adipogen

Stem cell factor (SCF), also known as cKit ligand (KL), mast cell growth factor (MGF), and steel factor (SLF), is a widely expressed 28-40 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein. It promotes the survival, differentiation, and mobilization of multiple cell types including myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, lymphoid, germ cell, and melanocyte progenitors. SCF is a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. Noncovalent dimers of transmembrane or soluble SCF interact with the receptor tyrosine kinase SCF R/cKit to trigger receptor dimerization and signaling. SCF assists in the recovery of cardiac function following myocardial infarction by increasing the number of cardiomyocytes and vascular channels.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD40 belongs to the TNF-receptor superfamily and is essential in mediating a broad variety of immune and inflammatory responses including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. The interaction of CD40-CD40L is necessary for amyloid-beta-induced microglial activation, and thus is thought to be an early event in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. CD40 is constitutively expressed by antigen presenting cells, including dendritic cells, B cells and macrophages. Consistent with its widespread expression on normal cells, CD40 is also expressed on a wide range of tumor cells, including non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphomas, myeloma and some carcinomas including nasopharynx, bladder, cervix, kidney and ovary.

Supplier: Adipogen

The LTbetaR activates two different NF-kappaB pathways that lead to distinct patterns of gene induction, including selected chemokines and the cytokine BAFF, which is essential for the survival of mature B lymphocytes. LTbetaR activates the classical NF-kappaB (relA/p50) pathway, like the type 1 TNF receptor (TNFR1), that regulates proinflammatory genes, like the chemokine MIP1beta. However, LTbetaR, unlike TNFR1, also activates the processing of p100 to form RelB/p52 complexes, which activate genes involved in lymphoid organ formation and lymphocyte survival.

Supplier: Adipogen

Negative control in assays where mouse IgG1 (ATTO 647N)-labeled antibodies are used.

Supplier: Adipogen

Semaphorin 4A (Sema4A, previously semB) is a Class 4 transmembrane Semaphorin with activity in the immune and nervous systems. Sema4A was first described as a molecule that enhances T cell activation and interacts with TIM2 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 2). Mice with targeted disruption of Sema4A show defects in dendritic cellmediated T cell priming and Th1 responses. Roles for Sema4A have also been identified in the brain, the endothelium and the eye. It mediates hippocampal neuron growth cone collapse in vitro through interaction of the sema domain with plexinB1. Interaction of Sema4A with endothelial cell plexinD1 causes opposition to the angiogenic, proliferative, chemotactic and integrin mediated adhesive actions of VEGF.

Supplier: Adipogen

Nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2; Prepronesfatin) was first isolated in adipocytes, but is also expressed by gastric mucosa and pancreatic beta cells. This pattern of nucleobindin-2 expression, as well as the presence of nucleobindin-2 within the plasma of rodents and humans, strongly suggests that this compound may act as a circulating regulatory factor. NUCB2 can be cleaved into three polypeptides: nesfatin-1, nesfatin-2, and nesfatin-3. Anorexigenic effects have been described for nesfatin-1 that plays an important role in hypothalamic pathways regulating food intake and energy homeostasis and acting in a leptin-independent manner. Nesfatin-1 may also exert hypertensive roles and modulate blood pressure through directly acting on peripheral arterial resistance. Nucleobindin-2 is therefore reported to reduce food intake after administration, mostly refering to the cleaved peptide nesfatin-1. Excess nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 in the brain leads to a loss of appetite, lack of the protein in the brain leads to an increase of appetite.

Supplier: Adipogen

ANGPTL3 (Angiopoietin-like protein 3) regulates angiogenesis and also directly regulates lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism.

Supplier: Adipogen

FGF-21 (Fibroblast growth factor 21) stimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 expression (but not SLC2A4/GLUT4 expression). Activity requires the presence of betaKlotho.

Supplier: Adipogen

Darcin (also called Mup20) belongs to the family of major urinary proteins (MUPs), a subfamily of proteins found in abundance in the urine. Like all MUPs, Darcin is a member of the lipocalin family of ligand-binding proteins, and preferentially binds the volatile pheromome (S)-2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT). Darcin is present in the urine of male and acts as a sex pheromone that elicits female sexual attraction to a male's urine scent. Recombinant Darcin shows similar activity compared to natural Darcin.

Supplier: Adipogen

TRAIL-R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are receptors for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. When signaling through TRAIL-R1 and -R2, the adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. They promote the activation of NF-kappaB. TRAIL-R3 lacks a cytoplasmic death domain, and TRAIL-R4 contains a truncated death domain, and hence are not capable of inducing apoptosis. They protect cells against TRAIL mediated apoptosis by competing with TRAIL-R1 and R2 for binding to the ligand.

Supplier: Adipogen

BAFF (B cell-activating factor; BLyS; B lymphocyte stimulator; TNFSF13B; TALL-1; CD257), belonging to the TNF family, is a master regulator of peripheral B cell survival, and together with IL-6, promotes Ig class-switching and plasma cell differentiation

Supplier: Adipogen

APRIL is a cytokine that belongs to the TNF superfamily and binds to TACI and BCMA. It is implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth, is involved in monocyte/macrophage-mediated immunological processes and functions as an important survival factor for plasmablasts and bone marrow plasma cells. MultimericAPRIL™ is a high activity construct in which two trimeric APRIL ligands are artificially linked via the collagen domain of ACRP30. This construct very effectively stimulates proliferation B cell. A basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the N-terminus of APRIL is required for binding to negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans mediate binding of APRIL to tumor cells as well as primary lymphoid cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

Insulin-growth factor-like gene family is a new family of proteins consisting of four proteins in humans (IGFL1 to 4) and one in mice (mIGFL). mIGFL is expressed in normal skin in mice and further upregulated during inflammation responses in skin or after skin wounding. In human only IGFL1 expression is increased in psoriatic skin samples. mIGFL and human IGFL1 and 3 interact with specificity and high affinity to a novel receptor named IGF-like family receptor 1 (formerly TMEM-149). Analysis of the amino acid sequence of IGFLR1 indicated that this receptor is likely a novel member of the TNF-R family. IGFLR1 is expressed most abundantly on mouse T cells, suggesting that mIGFL and IGFL1 produced in the skin may potentially exert regulatory functions on T cell responses.

Supplier: Adipogen

BCMA is a receptor for BAFF and APRIL. It promotes B cell survival and plays a role in the regulation of humoral immunity. Its downstream signaling is dependent on NF-kappaB and JNK.

Supplier: Adipogen

Chemopreventive probe. Apoptosis inducer. Potent anti-tumor compound. Anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating COX-2 and iNOS expression via modulation of NF-kappaB activation. Antinociceptive. Probe to study chemokine receptors functioning. Potential therapeutic agent for osteoporosis and cancer-associated bone loss. Anti diabetic nephropathy

Supplier: Adipogen

Synthetic. Originally isolated from the marine sponge Angelas mauritianus. Immunostimulant. Specific ligand of the lipid-binding MHC class I-like protein CD1d in human and mouse NKT cells. Protects against LPS-induced shock. Potent antitumor compound.

Supplier: Adipogen

Radicicol is an antibiotic, protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Supplier: Adipogen

Wortmannin is a potent anti-neutrophil agent with cardioprotective effects.