122320 Results for: "4-Amino-2-methyl-1-butanol"

Supplier: Prosci

MYD88 Antibody: The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 induced cellular response requires IL-1 receptor complex including IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP. Recently, MyD88 was identified as an adapter molecule in the IL-1 signaling pathway. MyD88 associates with and recruits IRAK to the IL-1 receptor complex in response to IL-1 treatment and dominant negative form of MyD88 attenuates IL-1R-mediated NF-kappa B activation. MyD88 is also employed as a regulator molecule by IL-18 receptor and human Toll receptor, which are members in the Toll/IL-1R family of receptors. Targeted disruption of the MyD88 gene results in lose of cellular responses to IL-1 and IL-18, and MyD88-deficient mice lack responses to bacterial product LPS that employs Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) as the signaling receptors. MyD88 is a general adapter protein for the Toll/IL-1R family of receptors and plays an important role in the inflammatory response induced by cytokines IL-1 and IL-18 and endotoxin. MyD88 gene is expressed in many tissues.

Supplier: Bioss

Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The major components of bile are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In a first step the bile acids are converted to an acyl-CoA thioester, either in peroxisomes (primary bile acids deriving from the cholesterol pathway), or cytoplasmic at the endoplasmic reticulum (secondary bile acids). May catalyze the conjugation of primary or secondary bile acids, or both. The conjugation increases the detergent properties of bile acids in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. In turn, bile acids are deconjugated by bacteria in the intestine and are recycled back to the liver for reconjugation (secondary bile acids). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids. In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

IL-16 was initially identified as a chemotactic cytokine, but is now known to possess a wide range of activities. Later studies have more fully characterized IL-16 as an immunomodulatory cytokine that contributes to the regulatory process of CD4+ T cell recruitment and activation at sites of inflammation in association with asthma and several autoimmune diseases. The precursor of IL-16 (pro-IL-16) is thought to be cleaved towards the C-terminal region by Caspase-3, releasing a 20 kDa active form that binds to and signals through CD4. Besides acting as a chemotactic cytokine, IL-16 is thought to also be involved in the regulation of T cell proliferation and multiple infectious, immune-mediated, and autoimmune inflammatory disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and neurodegenerative disorders. At least two isoforms of IL-16 are known to exist; the longer isoform (also known as NIL-16) is detected only in neurons of the cerebellum and hippocampus.

Supplier: Bioss

Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The major components of bile are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In a first step the bile acids are converted to an acyl-CoA thioester, either in peroxisomes (primary bile acids deriving from the cholesterol pathway), or cytoplasmic at the endoplasmic reticulum (secondary bile acids). May catalyze the conjugation of primary or secondary bile acids, or both. The conjugation increases the detergent properties of bile acids in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. In turn, bile acids are deconjugated by bacteria in the intestine and are recycled back to the liver for reconjugation (secondary bile acids). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids. In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs.

Supplier: Bioss

Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The major components of bile are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In a first step the bile acids are converted to an acyl-CoA thioester, either in peroxisomes (primary bile acids deriving from the cholesterol pathway), or cytoplasmic at the endoplasmic reticulum (secondary bile acids). May catalyze the conjugation of primary or secondary bile acids, or both. The conjugation increases the detergent properties of bile acids in the intestine, which facilitates lipid and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. In turn, bile acids are deconjugated by bacteria in the intestine and are recycled back to the liver for reconjugation (secondary bile acids). May also act as an acyl-CoA thioesterase that regulates intracellular levels of free fatty acids. In vitro, catalyzes the hydrolysis of long- and very long-chain saturated acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), and conjugates glycine to these acyl-CoAs.

Supplier: Prosci

MECT1 (also known as MucoEpidermoid Carcinoma Translocated 1, Transducer of regulated cAMP response element-binding protein 1, TORC1, and Transducer of CREB protein 1) is a nuclear protein that functions as a transcriptional coactivator for CREB1, which activates transcription through both consensus and variant cAMP response element (CRE) sites. MECT1does not appear to modulate CREB1 DNA-binding activity but enhances the interaction of CREB1 with TAF4/TAFII-130. MECT1 translocates with MAML2 (MasterMind-Like Protein 2) to yield a fusion oncogene: t(11;19) (q21;p13). This translocation occurs in mucoepidermoid carcinomas, benign Warthin tumors and clear cell hidradenomas. The novel fusion product that results disrupts the Notch signaling pathway. The fusion protein consists of the N-terminus of MECT1 joined to the C-terminus of MAML2. The reciprocal fusion protein consisting of the N-terminus of MAML2 joined to the C-terminus of MECT1 has been detected in a small number of mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Multiple isoforms have been reported for the MECT1 protein.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

AFAP1L2, also known as XB130, is structurally similar to actin-filament-associated protein (AFAP), containing several SH2- and SH3-binding motifs, two pleckstrin homology domains, a coiled-coil region, and many potential phosphorylation sites. It interacts with and is phosphorylated by c-Src tyrosine kinase. Suppression of AFAP1L2 via siRNA reduced Src activity, IL-8 production, EGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta, and altered cell cycles in human lung epithelial cells suggesting that AFAP1L2 plays a role as an adaptor in the regulation of Src signal transduction and multiple cellular functions. Recent experiments have shown that AFAP1L2 is highly expressed in thyroid and is the substrate RET/PTC kinase, a thyroid-specific kinase that plays a pathogenic role in papillary thyroid cancer. Down-regulation of AFAP1L2 in these cancer cells reduced Akt activity, inhibiting cell-cycle progression and cancer cell survival in suspension, indicating that AFAP1L2 may be a valuable target in thyroid cancer therapy. At least four isoforms of AFAP1L2 are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

AFAP1L2 Antibody: AFAP1L2, also known as XB130, is structurally similar to actin-filament-associated protein (AFAP), containing several SH2- and SH3-binding motifs, two pleckstrin homology domains, a coiled-coil region, and many potential phosphorylation sites. It interacts with and is phosphorylated by c-Src tyrosine kinase. Suppression of AFAP1L2 via siRNA reduced Src activity, IL-8 production, EGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3beta, and altered cell cycles in human lung epithelial cells suggesting that AFAP1L2 plays a role as an adaptor in the regulation of Src signal transduction and multiple cellular functions. Recent experiments have shown that AFAP1L2 is highly expressed in thyroid and is the substrate RET/PTC kinase, a thyroid-specific kinase that plays a pathogenic role in papillary thyroid cancer. Down-regulation of AFAP1L2 in these cancer cells reduced Akt activity, inhibiting cell-cycle progression and cancer cell survival in suspension, indicating that AFAP1L2 may be a valuable target in thyroid cancer therapy. At least four isoforms of AFAP1L2 are known to exist.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The ErbB family consists of four closely related tyrosine kinase receptors that act as potent mediators of normal cell growth and development. Aberrant expression or function of one or more of these receptors can play a major role in the development and evolution of cancer. ErbB-2, also known as HER2, has been implicated in the evolution of both breast and gastric cancers, and is evident in other cancer types such as ovarian and salivary gland tumors. ErbB-2 possesses an active tyrosine kinase domain, but no direct ligand has been identified yet. ErbB-2 is the preferred binding partner to the other members of the ErbB family and is thought to act primarily through the Ras-MAPK, PI3k-PKB/Akt, and PLC-PKC signaling pathways. Numerous anti-cancer strategies have been employed against erbB-2, such as antibody-based therapies to prevent ligand binding or receptor activation through dimerization, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, in addition to direct kinase inhibition to prevent molecular activation/downstream signaling.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

TRIM30 belongs to a family of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, development, oncogenesis, apoptosis and antiviral responses. The TRIM protein family is an expanding family of RING ('really interesting new gene') proteins, also known as RBCC proteins as they contain an RBCC motif, which comprises a RING domain, one or two B-boxes and a predicted coiled-coil region. Studies have shown that some TRIM family members are critical to innate immunity; TRIM5, TRIM19 and TRIM25, for example, have been shown to restrict viral infection. A recent study shows that TRIM30 functions as a negative modulator of the TLR signaling pathway, by targeting TAB2 and TAB3, and contributes to the inhibition of TLR-mediated NF-kB activation. The importance of TRIM30 in the attenuation or termination of NF-kB activation suggests that targeting of TAB2 and TAB3 by TRIM30alpha may be a mechanism for modulating many types of immune responses.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine-threonine kinases that bind to the active forms of Cdc42 and Rac. They are divided into two groups, the first of which include PAK1, 2 and 3, and can be activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. Group 1 PAKs contain an autoinhibitory domain whose activity is regulated by Cdc42/Rac binding. The group 1 PAKs are known to be involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell morphology and motility. Much less is known about the second group, which includes PAK4, 5 and 6. These proteins are not activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. PAK4 was initially identified as a novel effector of Cdc42Hs. Co-expression of PAK4 and Cdc42Hs resulted in induction of filopodia and actin polymerization, showing that it is involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. Other experiments have shown PAK4 to be essential for embryonic viability and proper neuronal development. PAK4 has also been implicated in anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells and is required for activation of several cancer prosurvival pathways.

Supplier: Prosci

This gene is a member of the protocadherin gamma gene cluster, one of three related clusters tandemly linked on chromosome five. These gene clusters have an immunoglobulin-like organization, suggesting that a novel mechanism may be involved in their regulation and expression. The gamma gene cluster includes 22 genes divided into 3 subfamilies. Subfamily A contains 12 genes, subfamily B contains 7 genes and 2 pseudogenes, and the more distantly related subfamily C contains 3 genes. The tandem array of 22 large, variable region exons are followed by a constant region, containing 3 exons shared by all genes in the cluster. Each variable region exon encodes the extracellular region, which includes 6 cadherin ectodomains and a transmembrane region. The constant region exons encode the common cytoplasmic region. These neural cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins most likely play a critical role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell connections in the brain. Alternative splicing has been described for the gamma cluster genes.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a 66 kDa protein, which is identified as Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29). It interacts with the intermediate filament protein vimentin, a substrate for the PKC family of protein kinases, and with hPKCI-1, an inhibitor of the PKCs. TRIM29 protein contains both zinc finger and leucine zipper motifs, suggesting that the it may form homodimers and possibly associate with DNA. High expression of TRIM29 has been reported in gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer, and correlates with enhanced tumor growth and lymph node metastasis. TRIM29 is also able to distinguish lung squamous cell carcinoma from lung adenocarcinoma with ~90% positive accuracy, when used in a panel with TTF-1, p63, CK5/6, and Napsin-A antibodies.

CF® dyes are Biotium's next-generation fluorescent dyes. CF®488A is a green fluorescent dye (Ex/Em 490/515 nm) with excellent brightness and photostability. The dye is minimally charged for less non-specific binding. CF®488A also is compatible with super-resolution imaging by TIRF.

Supplier: Prosci

Keratins are a family of intermediate filament proteins that assemble into filaments through forming heterodimers of one type I keratin (keratins 9 to 23) and one type II keratin (keratins 1 to 8). Keratins demonstrate tissue and differentiation specific expression profiles. Keratin 15 is a type I keratin which is expressed only in basal keratinocytes in stratified epithelia and does not appear to have a natural type II expression partner. Keratin 15 is down regulated in activated keratinocytes. Cytokeratin 15 is a specific marker of stem cells of the hair-follicle bulge and may be a useful marker for diagnosis between basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and trichoepithelioma. Trichoblastoma are benign neoplasms of follicular differentiation frequently found in nevus sebaceous. Many morphologic features are shared with nodular basal cell carcinoma, sometimes rendering a diagnosis difficult. Trichoblastoma and BCC show variable expression of Cytokeratin 15 and Cytokeratin 19, and absence of hair keratins.

Supplier: Prosci

The transcription factor Forkhead-box A1 (FOXA1), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha, is a member of the FOX class of transcription factors. HNF-1 (alpha and beta), HNF-3 (alpha, beta and gamma), HNF-4 (alpha and gamma), and HNF-6 compose, in part, a homeoprotein family designated the hepatocyte nuclear factor family. The various HNF-1 isoforms regulate transcription of genes in the liver as well as in other tissues such as kidney, small intestine and thymus. FOXA1 is expressed in normal breast ductal epithelium and other epithelium in different organs, such as lung, pancreas, bladder, prostate, and colon. Recently, FOXA1 has been shown to be a major determinant of estrogen-ER activity and endocrine response in breast cancer cells. FOXA1 expression correlates with estrogen receptor (ER)-positivity, especially in luminal subtype A breast cancers, which is associated with favorable prognosis. FOXA1 is useful in the sub-classification of breast carcinomas.

Supplier: Prosci

Mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. Also mediates heterophilic cell-cell adhesion with CADM3 and PVRL3 in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. Acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Interaction with CRTAM promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo. May contribute to the less invasive phenotypes of lepidic growth tumor cells. In mast cells, may mediate attachment to and promote communication with nerves. CADM1, together with MITF, is essential for development and survival of mast cells in vivo. May act as a synaptic cell adhesion molecule that drives synapse assembly. May be involved in neuronal migration, axon growth, pathfinding, and fasciculation on the axons of differentiating neurons. May play diverse roles in the spermatogenesis including in the adhesion of spermatocytes and spermatids to Sertoli cells and for their normal differentiation into mature spermatozoa.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Dengue virus. WNV was initially isolated in 1937 in the West Nile region of Uganda and has become prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It has rapidly spread across the United States with cases being observed in every continental state. Virus particles consist of a dense core made up of the core/capsid protein encapsulating the RNA genome surrounded by a membrane envelope embedded with envelope and matrix proteins. However, when the viruses are inside of infected cells, the matrix protein exists in its "pre-M" form as a heterodimer with the envelope proteins. Cleavage of the "pre-M" protein to its mature form occurs during release of the virus; this cleavage leas to the dissociation of the heterodimers. The WNV receptor has recently been identified as alpha v beta 3 integrin.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

SOX2 is a member of the SRY-related HMG-box (SOX) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of cell fate. SOX2 is required for stem-cell maintenance in the central nervous system, and also regulates gene expression in the stomach. Mutations in this gene have been associated with optic nerve hypoplasia and with syndromic microphthalmia, a severe form of structural eye malformation. The role of SOX2 in embryonic development suggested that it might be useful in the creation of stem cells that might be useful in cell replacement therapies in the treatment of degenerative diseases. Artificial stem cells, termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, can be created by expressing SOX2 and the transcription factors POU5F1, Klf4 and Lin28 along with c-Myc in mouse fibroblasts. Other experiments have shown that iPS cells could be generated using expression plasmids expressing POU5F1, SOX2, KlfF4 and c-Myc, eliminating the need for virus introduction.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

p53DINP1 antibody detects human p53DINP1. Apoptosis is related to many diseases and development. The p53 tumor-suppressor protein induces apoptosis through transcriptional activation of several genes. A novel p53 inducible gene was identified recently and designated p53DINP1 (for p53-dependent damage-inducible nuclear protein 1) and SIP (for stress induced protein) in human and mouse. A p53DINP1 antisense oligonucleotide inhibits and overexpression of p53DINP1 enhances Ser46 phosphorylation of p53, induction of p53AIP1, and cell death induced by DNA double-strand breaks. p53DINP1 may regulate p53-dependent apoptosis through phosphorylation at Ser46 and induction of p53AIP1. The p53DINP1/SIP gene encodes two proteins of 27 and 18 kDa in human and mouse termed p53DINP1-alpha and p53DINP1-beta or SIP27 and SIP18. p53DINP1/SIP is expressed in many tissues and induced by a variety of stress agents including UV stress, mutagenic stress, heat shock, and oxidative stress. Anti-p53DINP1 antibodies are ideal for investigators involved in Apoptosis and Cancer research.

Supplier: Prosci

PAK5 Antibody: The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine-threonine kinases that bind to the active forms of Cdc42 and Rac. They are divided into two groups, the first of which include PAK1, 2 and 3, and can be activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. Group 1 PAKs contain an autoinhibitory domain whose activity is regulated by Cdc42/Rac binding. The group 1 PAKs are known to be involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell morphology and motility. Much less is known about the second group, which includes PAK4, 5 and 6. These proteins are not activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. PAK5 was initially identified as a kinase expressed primarily in brain that while possessing a kinase domain and GTPase binding domain similar to PAK4 and PAK6, is completely different from both. Expression of PAK5 in neural based cell lines resulted in neurite outgrowth suggesting that PAK5 may be involved in regulating the cytoskeletal changes necessary for promoting neurite outgrowth. Other experiments suggest that unlike the other PAKs, PAK5 may inhibit apoptosis by phosphorylating the Bcl-2 family member Bad.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a 66 kDa protein, which is identified as Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29). It interacts with the intermediate filament protein vimentin, a substrate for the PKC family of protein kinases, and with hPKCI-1, an inhibitor of the PKCs. TRIM29 protein contains both zinc finger and leucine zipper motifs, suggesting that the it may form homodimers and possibly associate with DNA. High expression of TRIM29 has been reported in gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer, and correlates with enhanced tumor growth and lymph node metastasis. TRIM29 is also able to distinguish lung squamous cell carcinoma from lung adenocarcinoma with ~90% positive accuracy, when used in a panel with TTF-1, p63, CK5/6, and Napsin-A antibodies.

CF® dyes are Biotium's next-generation fluorescent dyes. CF®594 is a deep red fluorescent dye (Ex/Em 593/614 nm). It yields the brightest conjugates among spectrally similar dyes, and has excellent photostability.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The leucine-rich, glioma inactivated gene 4 (LGI4) is a member of the LGI family in which LGI1 is the exemplar. The LGI family consists of four of highly related proteins containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) which are highly similar to other transmembrane signaling molecules and receptors. LGI1 has been identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene for glioma and plays a role in autodominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADTLE), an epileptic syndrome characterized by focal seizures with predominant auditory symptoms. Despite its high homology with LGI1 and similar pattern of expression, mutations in LGI4 have not been found to be associated with ADTLE. However, the LGI4 gene is located in a region linked to benign familial infantile convulsions. Further study revealed that a GC-to-AT polymorphism was correlated with childhood absence epilepsy. Other studies showed that decreasing LGI4 expression in cultured cells inhibits myelination, indicating that LGI4 may play a role in neural development.

Supplier: Prosci

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 (MALT-1) is found in extranodal low-grade B cell lymphomas. The gene encodes two Ig-like C2-type domains and fuses with an API2 gene, which is highly expressed in adult lymphoid tissue. The translocation of this MALT-1 gene and the apoptosis-inhibiting API2 gene results in an increased development of MALT lymphomas and apoptosis inhibition. Sites at which this API2-MALT1 (11;18)(q21;q21) translocation commonly occurs are within human lung and kidney tissue. MALT lymphoma expresses nuclear Bcl10, which mediates the oligomerization and activation of a MALT-1 caspase-like domain. MALT-1 mRNA is found in pre-B cells, mature B cells and plasma cells.

Supplier: Prosci

The transcription factor Forkhead-box A1 (FOXA1), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha, is a member of the FOX class of transcription factors. HNF-1 (alpha and beta), HNF-3 (alpha, beta and gamma), HNF-4 (alpha and gamma), and HNF-6 compose, in part, a homeoprotein family designated the hepatocyte nuclear factor family. The various HNF-1 isoforms regulate transcription of genes in the liver as well as in other tissues such as kidney, small intestine and thymus. FOXA1 is expressed in normal breast ductal epithelium and other epithelium in different organs, such as lung, pancreas, bladder, prostate, and colon. Recently, FOXA1 has been shown to be a major determinant of estrogen-ER activity and endocrine response in breast cancer cells. FOXA1 expression correlates with estrogen receptor (ER)-positivity, especially in luminal subtype A breast cancers, which is associated with favorable prognosis. FOXA1 is useful in the sub-classification of breast carcinomas.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Nicastrin, in addition to presenilin, PEN2, and APH-1 forms the gamma-secretase protein complex, a membrane-bound aspartyl protease that can cleave certain proteins at peptide bonds buried within the hydrophobic environment of the lipid bilayer. This cleavage is responsible for a key step in signaling from several cell-surface receptors and is thought to be required for the generation of the neurotoxic amyloid peptides that are central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Like the tumor necrosis factor-a-converting enzyme (TACE) and the b-site cleavage enzyme (BACE) protease families, gamma-secretase will cleave the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but within the intramembrane region of APP, resulting in either the non-toxic p3 (from the alpha and gamma cleavage site) or the toxic Abeta amyloid peptide (from the beta and gamma cleavage site). It is thought that accumulation of the Abeta peptide is the precursor to Alzheimer's disease. Nicastrin is also thought to be involved in cell proliferation and signaling, especially in regards to activation of Notch receptors as loss of Nicastrin expression results in mouse embryonic lethality.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

MAPKAP1 was initially identified as the human homolog of S. pombe SIN1. Recent evidence has shown that it identical to Mip1, a protein that interacts with MEKK2, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) intracellular signaling network. MAPKAP1 is thought to prevent MEKK2 activation and dimerization by forming a complex with the inactive and non-phosphorylated MEKK2, thereby blocking the JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 and ERK5 MAPKs. MAPKAP1 has also been shown to play a role in the TOR signaling process, a pathway that is involved in controlling cell growth and proliferation in response to environmental cues such as nutrients, growth factors and hormones. Experiments showed that MAPKAP1 helped to maintain the TOR/rictor assembly but not the TOR/RAPTOR complex, which allowed specific phosphorylation of Akt, a kinase that is believed to couple the growth factor-PI3K signaling pathway to the nutrient-regulated TOR signaling pathway. Multiple alternatively spliced isoforms of MAPKAP1 have been identified.

Supplier: Boster Biological Technology

Polyclonal antibody for CD31/PECAM1 detection. Host: Rabbit.Size: 100μg/vial. Tested applications: Flow Cytometry. Reactive species: Human. CD31/PECAM1 information: Molecular Weight: 82536 MW; Subcellular Localization: Isoform Long: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor. Cell junction. Localizes to the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) and recycles from the LBRC to the junction in resting endothelial cells; Tissue Specificity: Expressed on platelets and leukocytes and is primarily concentrated at the borders between endothelial cells. Isoform Long predominates in all tissues examined. Isoform Delta12 is detected only in trachea. Isoform Delta14-15 is only detected in lung. Isoform Delta14 is detected in all tissues examined with the strongest expression in heart. Isoform Delta15 is expressed in brain, testis, ovary, cell surface of platelets, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Jurkat T-cell leukemia, human erythroleukemia (HEL) and U-937 histiocytic lymphoma cell lines (at protein level).

Supplier: Prosci

JPH3 Antibody: Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions. A repeat expansion in JPH3 is associated with Huntington disease-like 2. At least two isoforms of JPH3 are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

IRAK2 Antibody: The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 induces cellular response through two subunits of its receptor, IL-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) mediates activation of NF-kappa B, which is a pivotal transcription factor mediating inflammatory and immune response. A novel member in the IRAK/Pelle family has been identified and designated IRAK2. Both IRAK and IRAK2 recruit to the subunits of the IL-1R complex after IL-1 binding and lead to NF-kappa B activation. IRAKs also associate with Toll like receptor (TLR) and the dominant negative mutants of IRAKs inhibit LPS-induced NF-kB activation. Members in IRAK/Pelle family play a central role in IL-1R and TLR mediated inflammatory response. Unlike human IRAK2, murine IRAK2 exists as four alternately spliced isoforms (IRAK2a-d), with two isoforms (IRAK2c and d) acting in an inhibitory fashion. IRAK2 is expressed in a variety of tissues.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Adhesion to extracellular matrix regulates cell survival through both integrin engagement and appropriate cell spreading. Anoikis is the molecular mechanism of apop-tosis induced by integrin detachment. Bit1 (Bcl-2 inhibitor of transcription 1) was recently identified as being involved in this process. Bit1 is a mitochondrial protein that is released into the cytoplasm upon onset of apoptosis where it forms a complex with AES, a small Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of split (TLE) protein and induces caspase-independent apoptosis. Both AES and TLE proteins are transcriptional co-repressors that play important roles in neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination. It has been suggested that Bit1-AES complexes turn off a survival-promoting gene transcription program controlled by TLE. Interestingly, apoptosis of cells transfected with Bit1 and AES could be inhibited if the cells were allowed to attach to fibronectin through the alpha5beta1 integrin suggesting that the Bit1-AES pathway contributing to anoikis is regulated by integrins, and in particular, the alpha5beta1 integrin.