Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional protein that may modulate protein degradation pathways, apoptosis, transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle progress, and genetic stability by directly or indirectly interacting with hosts factors. Does not seem to be essential for HBV infection. May be directly involved in development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Most of cytosolic activities involve modulation of cytosolic calcium. The effect on apoptosis is controversial depending on the cell types in which the studies have been conducted. By binding to human DDB1, may affect cell viability and stimulate genome replication. May induce apoptosis by localizing in mitochondria and causing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. May also modulate apoptosis by binding human CFLAR, a key regulator of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Moderately stimulates transcription of many different viral and cellular transcription elements. Promoters and enhancers stimulated by HBx contain DNA binding sites for NF-kappa-B, AP-1, AP-2, c-EBP, ATF/CREB, or the calcium-activated factor NF-AT. May bind bZIP transcription factors like CREB1 (By similarity).

Supplier: Prosci

It recognizes an oncofetal glycoprotein with a single chain of 70kDa, which is identified as alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This mAb is highly specific to AFP and shows no cross-reaction with other oncofetal antigens or serum albumin. The yolk sac and the liver produce AFP during fetal life. AFP expression in adults is often associated with hepatoma or teratoma. However, hereditary persistence of alpha-fetoprotein may also be found in individuals with no obvious pathology. The protein is thought to be the fetal counterpart of serum albumin, and the AFP and albumin genes are present in tandem in the same transcriptional orientation on chromosome 4. AFP is found in monomeric as well as dimeric and trimeric forms, and binds copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin. The level of AFP in amniotic fluid is used to measure renal loss of protein to screen for spinal bifida and anencephaly.

Supplier: Prosci

This mAb recognizes a 60kDa antigen associated with the mitochondria in human cells. It is a part of a new panel of reagents, which recognizes subcellular organelles or compartments of human cells. These markers may be useful in identification of these organelles in cells, tissues, and biochemical preparations. It recognizes an antigen associated with the mitochondria in human cells only. It can be used to stain the mitochondria in cell or tissue preparations and can be used as a mitochondrial marker in subcellular fractions. It produces a spaghetti-like pattern in normal and malignant cells and may be used to stain mitochondria of cells in fixed or frozen tissue sections. It can also be used with paraformaldehyde fixed frozen tissue or cell preparations. This mAb is an excellent marker for human cells in xenographic model research. It reacts specifically with human cells, including neurons and embryonic stem cells.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a protein of 205kDa-220kDa, identified as CD45RA, an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ Tcells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin Tcells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory Tcells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral Tcells. This CD45RA antibody is useful in the study of the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It is especially useful in differentiating T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes proteins of 80-200kDa, identified as different members of CEA family. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut and is re-expressed in increased amounts in intestinal carcinomas and several other tumors. This mAb does not react with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It shows no reaction with a variety of normal tissues and is suitable for staining of formalin/paraffin tissues. CEA is not found in benign glands, stroma, or malignant prostatic cells. Antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA+) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA+). Anti-CEA positivity is seen in adenocarcinomas from the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, gallbadder, urachus, salivary gland, ovary, and endocervix.

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

Designed to achieve your next breakthrough. Better solutions for optimal cell growth, VIOS CO₂ incubators provide the ideal in-vitro environment.

Supplier: Cell Systems

Our suite of specialized media provides our customers with a diverse set of tools to enhance research through consistent and stable environments for cell cultures. Cell Systems media may be used with all primary, immortalized, and established cell lines.

Supplier: Biolegend

Biotin anti-mouse CD120b (TNF R Type II/p75) [TR75-32.4]; Isotype: Armenian Hamster IgG; Reactivity: Mouse; Apps: FC, ELISA Detection; Size: 50 μg

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Background Information
Fibrinogen is a blood protein that is involved in clotting and is converted to fibrin by thrombin. Fibrinogen has an approximate molecular weight of 340 kDa. It consists of three non-identical pairs of disulfidebonded chains. The α-chain has an approximate molecular weight of 63.5 kDa, the β-chain 56 kDa, and the γ-chain 47 kDa. At the amino termini, the three chains are connected in a dimeric disulfide knot (DSK). A second DSK occurs later in the molecule. Fibrinogen has approximately 4% carbohydrate content.

Supplier: Prosci

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the 5-hydroxylation of tryptophan, which is the first step in the biosynthesis of indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) (Martinez et al., 2001). In mammals, serotonin biosynthesis occurs predominantly in neurons which originate in the Raphe nuclei of the brain, and melatonin synthesis takes place within the pineal gland. Although TPH catalyzes the same reaction within the Raphe nuclei and the pineal gland, TPH activity is rate-limiting for serotonin but not melatonin biosynthesis. Serotonin functions mainly as a neurotransmitter, whereas melatonin is the principal hormone secreted by the pineal gland. The activity of TPH is enhanced by phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaM K II) (Jiang et al., 2000; Johansen et al., 1996). CaM K II phosphorylates Ser19 which lies within the regulatory domain of TPH2 (McKinney et

Supplier: Prosci

EphrinB proteins are thought to play key roles in cellular functions as diverse as neuronal migration and blood vessel development (Flanagan and Vancerhaeghen, 1998; Dufour et al., 2003; Oike et al., 2002). EphrinB molecules expressed at the membrane surface bind to the EphB family receptors on target cells during cellto cell contact. This interaction leads to cell signaling in the target cell but also generates a reverse signal in the cell expressing EphrinB on its surface. This reverse signaling event is thought to be critical for vessel maturation and neuronal development. Importantly, tyrosine phosphorylation of EphrinB is thought to be a critical component of this reverse signaling event (Palmer et al., 2002). Recent work suggests that phosphorylation of a specific EphrinB residue (Tyr298) plays a key role in EphrinB signaling (Kalo, et al., 2001).

Supplier: Tonbo Biosciences

The O323 antibody reacts with human CD27 (TNFRSF7), a cell surface homodimer of 55 kDa subunits, which provides co-stimulatory signaling in support of the T cell (TCR) and B cell (BCR) receptors. By comparison with CD28, whose TCR co-stimulatory signal can trigger cell proliferation, CD27 signaling appears to promote cell survival and differentiation to effector / memory stages. Also in contrast with CD28, the CD27 receptor may be shed following interaction with its ligand CD70, which is typically expressed on activated dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. With respect to B cells, CD27 is considered to be a phenotypic marker for memory B cells. CD27 has been included within a group of phenotypic markers for identifying human B regulatory cells (Bregs), a cell type proposed to regulate CD4+ T cell proliferation and Foxp3 / CTLA-4 expression in Treg cells.

Supplier: Cell Systems

Our suite of specialized media provides our customers with a diverse set of tools to enhance research through consistent and stable environments for cell cultures. Cell Systems media may be used with all primary, immortalized, and established cell lines.

Supplier: Invitrogen

The Thermo Scientific™ Pierce™ Quantitative Fluorescent Peptide Assay is a sensitive, mix-and-read fluorescent microplate assay for the quantitative measurement of peptides and peptide mixtures.Sensitive—accurately detect as little as 5.0 µg/mL of single peptides or peptide mixturesRobust— assay performance rigorously tested using both peptides and peptide digest mixturesRobust peptide digest standard—kit includes a validated peptide digest standard for improved reproducibility of quantitationCompatible—works with many reagents, including those used in mass spectrometry sample preparationConvenient—easy mix-and-read format and stable fluorescent signal that may be read in as little as 5 minutes up to several hoursThe Pierce Quantitative Fluorescent Peptide Assay reagents include peptide assay buffer, fluorescent peptide labeling reagent, and a peptide digest assay standard for the quantitative measurement of peptide concentrations

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The E. coli AlkB protein protects against the cytotoxicity of methylating agents by repair of the specific DNA lesions generated in single-stranded DNA; ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 are mammalian homologs of AlkB that catalyze the removal of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine, modifications that left unchecked could lead to cancerous cells. Mutations in both ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 have been observed in pediatric brain tumors indicating that these proteins are important in the prevention of cancer formation. Like the histone demethylase JMJD1A, ALKBH2 is a non-heme iron enzyme that is inhibited by Nickel ions, suggesting that inhibition of ALKBH2 by Nickel ions may play a role in the development of cancer. Conversely, ALKBH2 mRNA and protein levels are increased glioma cells following Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment, suggesting that down-regulating ALKBH2 expression in cancer cells may enhance the anti-cancer effectiveness of this treatment.

Supplier: Peprotech

PDGFs are disulfide-linked dimers consisting of two 12.0-13.5 kDa polypeptide chains, designated PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains. The three naturally occurring PDGFs, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types, including smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, bone and cartilage cells, and some blood cells. The PDGFs are stored in platelet α-granules, and are released upon platelet activation. The PDGFs are involved in a number of biological processes, including hyperplasia, chemotaxis, embryonic neuron development, and respiratory tubule epithelial cell development. Two distinct signaling receptors used by PDGFs have been identified and named PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β. PDGFR-α is a high-affinity receptor for each of the three PDGF forms. On the other hand, PDGFR-β interacts with only PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB. Recombinant Murine PDGF-BB is a 24.4 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer of two β chains (218 total amino acids).

Supplier: Adipogen

Gangliosides are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially in neuronal cells in the central nervous system. They participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis and metastasis. The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to several diseases. Ganglioside GM1 is a major sialoglycolipid of neuronal membranes that modulates calcium homeostasis and which is important for neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms. It binds to cholera toxin B subunit, resulting in stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in a wide variety of cell types. After cholera toxin binds to membrane associated Monosialoganglioside GM1, the A subunit of cholera toxin is translocated to the cell interior, where it catalyzes the ADP ribosylation of the membrane associated Gs subunit of adenylyl cyclase. In addition, binding of cholera toxin to monosialoganglioside GM1 causes translocation of NF-kappaB and activation of dendritic cells. E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is structurally and functionally similar to cholera toxin and binds GM1 as well. GM1 has also been shown to improve Parkinson's disease symptoms and slow it's progression.

Supplier: Prosci

FOXJ1 is a member of forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor family, which play crucial roles during vertebrate development. FOXJ1 may play an important role in cell fate determination during lung development and in spermatogenesis.The unique pattern of FOXJ1expression during human fetal development suggests a role for this forkhead/winged-helix factor during pulmonary and renal epithelial development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in FOXJ1 and a significant association was found with allergic rhinitis.FOXJ1 is a member of the forkhead gene family, which was originally identified in Drosophila. The forkhead family is composed of transcription factors with a conserved 100-amino acid DNA-binding motif.FOXJ1 is a member of the forkhead gene family, which was originally identified in Drosophila. The forkhead family is composed of transcription factors with a conserved 100-amino acid DNA-binding motif.

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes proteins of 80-200kDa, identified as different members of CEA family. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut and is re-expressed in increased amounts in intestinal carcinomas and several other tumors. This mAb reacts with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and shows a cross-reaction with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It shows no reaction with a variety of normal tissues and is suitable for staining of formalin/paraffin tissues. CEA is not found in benign glands, stroma, or malignant prostatic cells. Antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA+) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA+). Anti-CEA positivity is seen in adenocarcinomas from the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, gallbadder, urachus, salivary gland, ovary, and endocervix.

Supplier: Prosci

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. PPARs are nuclear hormone receptors that bind peroxisome proliferators and control the size and number of peroxisomes produced by cells. PPARs mediate a variety of biological processes, and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This protein is a potent inhibitor of ligand-induced transcription activity of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma. It may function as an integrator of transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. The expression of this gene is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells. The elevated expression can be repressed by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein related to APC/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this protein in myelination of the corpus callosum, lipid metabolism, and epidermal cell proliferation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

MES is a zwitterionic buffer. One of the "Good" buffers developed for biological applications. It has the advantages of maximum water solubility and minimum solubility in all other solvents, minimal salt effects, minimal change in pK with temperature, chemically and enzymatically stable, minimal absorption in visible or UV spectral range.
A buffer using MES free acid can be prepared by titrating the free acid with sodium hydroxide to the desired pH (pKa ± 1). Alternatively, volumes of equimolar MES free acid and sodium or potassium MES can be mixed to attain the desired pH.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Glutaraldehyde is a bifunctional protein cross-linking reagent, reacting with NH2 groups to form Schiff's bases.
Sporicidal agent. Glutaraldehyde reacts through cross-linking to impart water resistance to protein and polyhydroxy compounds. It is also a reducing agent for photochemicals. In organic syntheses, the reactive carbonyl groups of glutaraldehyde suggest its use as an intermediate for the production of resins, dyestuffs, and pharmaceuticals. Glutaraldehyde is a disinfectant, which is rapidly effective against vegetative forms of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is also effective against acid-fast bacteria, bacterial spores, some fungi and viruses, including hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. It can also be used for stabilization of proteins on agarose beads, activation of polystyrene and glass for immobilization of antibodies and antigens, and coupling peptides onto carrier proteins. Can be used for preparing emulsions for making photographic film. Also for use as an electron microscopy fixative or cell fixation.
Store at +4 °C. Store Under Nitrogen

Supplier: Prosci

This antibody recognizes a carbohydrate epitope on a single chain, transmembrane, heavily glycosylated protein of 90-120kDa, which is identified as CD34 (VI international workshop on human differentiation antigens). Its expression is a hallmark for identifying pluripotent hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Its expression is gradually lost as lineage committed progenitors differentiate. CD34 is a marker of choice for staining blasts in acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, it is expressed by soft tissue tumors, such as solitary fibrous tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. CD34 expression is also found in vascular endothelium. Additionally, proliferating endothelial cells overexpress this molecule than the non-proliferating endothelial cells. Anti-CD34 labels > 85% of angiosarcoma and Kaposi s sarcoma, but shows low specificity.

Supplier: Prosci

Fibronectin is a soluble dimeric glycoprotein of 440kDa, which is present in cells, extracellular matrix, and blood. There are two types of fibronectin: soluble fibronectin which is produced by hepatocytes and found in blood plasma, and insoluble cellular fibronectin which is produced by fibroblasts in a soluble form and latter assembled into an insoluble form via fibril formation.

This antibody reacts with the cellular as well as plasma form of fibronectin. Reportedly, after iv administration, this antibody localizes to tumor vessels where it binds to the underlying basement. The Fibronectin epitope recognized by this antibody is not accessible in normal tissues to the circulating antibody indicating that it can be used to specifically target tumor vessels in vivo. Clone TV-1 fibronectin antibody is reportedly useful for delivering vasoactive agents to tumors to induce increased vascular permeability or blood flow prior to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs or antibodies.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

TrueBlot® Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Kit for 6X HIS Epitope Tag

Supplier: Biosensis

MAP1A and MAP1B are microtubule-associated protein which mediate the physical interactions between microtubules and components of the cytoskeleton (probably involved in autophagosome formation). MAP1A and MAP1B each consist of a heavy chain subunit and 3 different light chain subunits (LC1, LC2 and LC3). MAP1LC3A is one of the light chain subunits and can associate with either MAP1A or MAP1B. The precursor form of MAP1LC3A is cleaved by APG4/ATG4B to form the cytosolic form LC3-1. This is activated by APG7L/ATG7, transferred to ATG3 and conjugated to phospholipid to form the membrane-bound form, LC3-II. MAP1LC3A is most abundant in heart, brain, liver, skeletal muscle and testis but is absent in thymus and peripheral leukocytes. Antibody reacts with human and rat. The antibody is expected to react with mouse MAP1LC3A protein due to 100% sequence homology.

Supplier: Peprotech

Proteases (also called Proteolytic Enzymes, Peptidases, or Proteinases) are enzymes that hydrolyze the amide bonds within proteins or peptides. Most proteases act in a specific manner, hydrolyzing bonds at, or adjacent to, specific residues, or a specific sequence of residues contained within the substrate protein or peptide. Proteases play an important role in most diseases and biological processes, including prenatal and postnatal development, reproduction, signal transduction, the immune response, various autoimmune and degenerative diseases, and cancer. They are also an important research tool, frequently used in the analysis and production of proteins. Enterokinase sequentially cleaves carboxyl side of D-D-D-D-K. Human Enterokinase is expressed as a linear 1019 amino acid polypeptide precursor glycoprotein. Proteolytic processing of this precursor generates the biologically active form of Enterokinase, which consists of two polypeptide chains (heavy chain and light chain) held together by a single disulfide bond, resulting in formation of a biologically active heterodimer. The heavy chain consists of 784 amino acid residues, and the light chain consists of 235 amino acid residues. The calculated molecular weight of Recombinant Human Enterokinase is 108.7 kDa.

Supplier: Prosci

Multiple isoelectric variants of calponin have been identified, however only two molecular weight isoforms exist; a 34kDa form and a 29kDa form. Expression of the 29kDa form, I-calponin, is primarily restricted to muscle of the urogenital tract, whereas the higher molecular weight variant has been demonstrated in vascular and visceral smooth muscle. In Western blotting, this mAb reacts with only the 34kDa form of calponin in extracts of human aortic medial smooth muscle and is unreactive with fibroblast extracts of cultivated human foreskin. Calponin is a calmodulin, F-actin and tropomyosin binding protein, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Calponin expression is restricted to smooth muscle cells and has been shown to be a marker of the differentiated (contractile) phenotype of developing smooth muscle.

Supplier: Peprotech

BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins) belong to the TGF-β superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. BMP-2 is a potent osteoinductive cytokine, capable of inducing bone and cartilage formation in association with osteoconductive carriers such as collagen and synthetic hydroxyapatite. In addition to its osteogenic activity, BMP-2 plays an important role in cardiac morphogenesis, and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including lung, spleen, brain, liver, prostate ovary and small intestine. The functional form of BMP-2 is a 26 kDa protein composed of two identical 114 amino acid polypeptide chains linked by a single disulfide bond. Each BMP-2 monomer is expressed as the C-terminal part of a precursor polypeptide, which also contains a 23 amino acid signal sequence for secretion, and a 259 amino acid propeptide. After dimerization of this precursor, the covalent bonds between the propeptide (which is also a disulfide-linked homodimer) and the mature BMP-2 ligand are cleaved by a furin-type protease. Recombinant Human BMP-2 is a 26.0 kDa homodimeric protein consisting of two 115 amino acid polypeptide chains. Manufactured using all Animal-Free reagents.

Supplier: Peprotech

The three mammalian isoforms of TGF-β, TGF-β1, β2, and β3, signal through the same receptor and elicit similar biological responses. They are multifunctional cytokines that regulate cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and motility, as well as synthesis and deposition of the extracellular matrix. They are involved in various physiological processes, including embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and wound healing. They are secreted predominantly as latent complexes, which are stored at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. The release of the biologically active TGF-β isoform from a latent complex involves proteolytic processing of the complex and /or induction of conformational changes by proteins such as thrombospondin-1. TGF-β2 has been shown to exert suppressive effects on IL-2-dependent T-cell growth, and may also have an autocrine function in enhancing tumor growth by suppressing immuno-surveillance of tumor development. Recombinant Human TGF-β2 is a 25.0 kDa protein composed of two identical 112 amino acid polypeptide chains linked by a single disulfide bond.