139737 Results for: "\u03B1,\u03B1,\u03B1,4-Tetrafluoro-m-toluic+acid"

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of striatal neurons, is caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the HD protein huntingtin. HAP1 was initially identified through a two-hybrid library screening; the binding of HAP1 to huntingtin correlated with the expansion of the polyglutamine tract. HAP1 also interacts with two cytoskeletal proteins (dynactin and pericentriolar autoantigen protein 1), suggesting that HAP1 may play a role in vesicular trafficking or organelle transport. HAP1 is also involved with the huntingtin-enhanced BDNF transport along the cellular microtubles. Attenuation of this process led to the loss of neurotrophic support and neuronal toxicity, which suggests that loss of this function might contribute to pathogenesis. Several alternatively spliced isoforms have been described for HAP1.

Supplier: Prosci

DCLK2 Antibody: DCLK2 is one of three doublecortin-like kinases similar to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) family. DCLK2 mRNA, like that of the homologous DCLK1 and DCLK3, is highly expressed in adult brain, but only DCLK1 and DCLK2 transcripts are present in human fetal brain and the developing mouse embryo, suggesting that DCLK1 and DCLK2 may play roles in cortical development. The DCLK proteins are homologous to Doublecortin (DCX), a protein that is mutated in X-linked human lissencephaly. In mouse models where the DCX gene has been disrupted, DCLK1 expression increases slightly and appears to compensate for the loss of DCX, as mice mutant for both DCX and DCLK1 show a severe phenotype including perinatal lethality, disorganized neocortical layering, and profound hippocampal cytoarchitectural disorganization. Unlike DCLK1, DCLK2 expression does not change in DCX-null mice.

Supplier: Prosci

RICK Antibody: Apoptosis is mediated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. DD-containing serine/threonine kinase RIP regulates Fas-induced apoptosis. A novel CARD-containing serine/threonine kinase was recently identified and designated RICK/RIP2/CARDIAK for RIP-like interacting CLARP kinase, receptor interacting protein-2, and CARD-containing ICE associated kinase, respectively. RICK contains an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal CARD domain. Overexpression of RICK induced apoptosis and activation of NF-kappa B and JNK. RICK interacts with members of the TRAF family, CLARP and caspase-1. Thus, RICK represents a novel kinase that regulates TNF and Fas induced-apoptosis and that is involved in the generation of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta ;. The messenger RNA of RICK is expressed in multiple human tissues.

Supplier: Prosci

IKK alpha Antibody: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNFalpha and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappa B is associated with Ikappa B proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappa B activity. The long-sought Ikappa B kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates Ikappa B, and mediates Ikappa B degradation and NF-kappa B activation, was recently identified by several laboratories. IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKKalpha and IKKbeta ;). IKKalpha and IKKbeta ; interact with each other and both are essential for the NF-kappa B activation. IKKalpha specifically phosphorylates Ikappa B-alpha. IKKalpha is expressed in a variety of human tissues.

Supplier: Prosci

KLF4 Monoclonal Antibody: KLF4 is a transcription factor that functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor to regulate proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types. The role of KLF4 in embryonic development suggested that it might be useful in the creation of stem cells that might be useful in cell replacement therapies in the treatment of several degenerative diseases. Artificial stem cells, termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, can be created by expressing KLF4 and the transcription factors POU5F1, Sox2, and Lin28 along with c-Myc in mouse fibroblasts. More recently, experiments have demonstrated that iPS cells could be generated using expression plasmids expressing KLF4, Sox2, POU5F1 and c-Myc, eliminating the need for virus introduction, thereby addressing a safety concern for potential use of iPS cells in regenerative medicine. KLF4 interacts directly with POU5F1 and Sox2 in iPS and ES cells and activates the target gene NANOG.

Supplier: Prosci

TACE Antibody: Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine and contributes to a variety of inflammatory disease responses and programmed cell death. TNF-alpha is synthesized as a 26K type II membrane-bound precursor that is cleaved by a convertase to generate secreted 17K mature TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) protein was recently purified and the human and mouse TACE cDNAs were cloned by several groups separately. TACE is a membrane-bound metalloprotease-disintegrin in the family of mammalian ADAM (for a disintegrin and metalloprotease). TACE also processes other cell surface proteins, including TNF receptor, TGFalpha, the L-selectin adhesion molecule, and alpha-cleavage of amyloid protein precursor (APP). TACE mRNA is expressed in a variety of human and murine tissues. TACE was selected as one of the few targets in cytokine activation by the Eighth International Conference of the Inflammation Research Association.

Supplier: Prosci

ALKBH2 Antibody: The E. coli AlkB protein protects against the cytotoxicity of methylating agents by repair of the specific DNA lesions generated in single-stranded DNA; ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 are mammalian homologs of AlkB that catalyze the removal of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine, modifications that left unchecked could lead to cancerous cells. Mutations in both ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 have been observed in pediatric brain tumors indicating that these proteins are important in the prevention of cancer formation. Like the histone demethylase JMJD1A, ALKBH2 is a non-heme iron enzyme that is inhibited by Nickel ions, suggesting that inhibition of ALKBH2 by Nickel ions may play a role in the development of cancer. Conversely, ALKBH2 mRNA and protein levels are increased glioma cells following Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment, suggesting that down-regulating ALKBH2 expression in cancer cells may enhance the anti-cancer effectiveness of this treatment.

Supplier: Prosci

Nanos2 Antibody: Nanos is a zinc-finger containing, RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in germ cell development in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In drosophila, Nanos represses apoptosis during development to ensure proper germ-line development. Unlike Nanos1 whose expression in mice is dispensable, the Nanos2 and Nanos3 proteins are required for germ cell development. Nanos2-null primordial germ cells (PGCs) die only in the male gonads and show no defects in females, while Nanos3-null PGCs are lost during the migration stage regardless of sex. Nanos2 and Nanos3 have distinct expression patterns during embryo development, suggesting that these two proteins do not have redundant functions. However, expression of Nanos2 can at least partially replace Nanos3 function in a Nanos3-null background. Nanos3 expression can not rescue Nanos2-null defects.

Supplier: Prosci

CTRP5 Antibody: Adipose tissue of an organism plays a major role in regulating physiologic and pathologic processes such as metabolism and immunity by producing and secreting a variety of bioactive molecules termed adipokines. One highly conserved family of adipokines is adiponectin/ACRP30 and its structural and functional paralogs, the C1q/tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related proteins (CTRPs) 1-7. Unlike adiponectin, which is expressed exclusively by differentiated adipocytes, the CTRPs are expressed in a wide variety of tissues. These proteins are thought to act mainly on liver and muscle tissue to control glucose and lipid metabolism. An analysis of the crystal structure of adiponectin revealed a structural and evolutionary link between TNF and C1q-containing proteins, suggesting that these proteins arose from a common ancestral innate immunity gene. CTRP5 has been suggested to be involved in age-related macular degeneration.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The mammalian cbl family of ubiquitin ligases consists of three homologs known as cbl (also known as c-Cbl), Cbl-B, and Cbl-3 which share highly conserved a tyrosine-kinase-binding domain, linker and RING finger domain in their amino-terminal halves. Similar to other E3 ubiquitin ligases, Cbl catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 or Ubc (ubiquitin-conjugating) enzyme to the e-amino group of a lysine residue of the substrate protein. Cbl acts to negatively regulate many types of cell-surface receptors, including the Syk protein tyrosine kinase family. Cbl is thought to be involved in T- and B-cell signaling, in addition to thymus development. Of the three known homologs in the cbl family, cbl antibody reacts specifically with cbl. Multiple isoforms of cbl have been reported.

Supplier: Prosci

ZBTB4 Antibody: The ZBTB family of proteins is comprised of diverse zinc finger proteins that also contain a BTB (BR-C, ttk and bab) domain. Similar to Kaiso, a zinc-finger containing protein that can bind methylated CpGs, ZBTB4 can also bind methylated DNA and repress transcription. ZBTB4 has been shown to associate with the Sin3/histone deacetylase co-repressor and repress expression of P21CIP1 as part of a heterodimeric complex with Miz1. In cultured cells, depletion of ZBTB4 promotes cell cycle arrest in response to p53 activation and suppresses apoptosis through regulation of P21CIP1, suggesting that ZBTB4 is a critical determinant of the cellular response to p53 activation. HIPK2, a kinase that is involved in cellular proliferation and survival, phosphorylates and down-regulates ZBTB4 under normal cell growth conditions; this degradation increases with DNA damage.

Supplier: Prosci

JMJD1C Antibody: The jumonji domain containing 1C protein (JMJD1C) was initially discovered in silico, and later suggested to be a candidate gene for autism. Like the related proteins JMJD1A and JMJD1B, JMJD1C is a histone H3K9 demethylase implicated in the nuclear hormone receptor-based transcriptional regulation. JMJD1C mRNA is highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells as well as pancreatic islet, diffuse-type gastric cancer, and other tissues and tumors. The JMJD1C gene promoter contain bHLH-, AP-1-, and POU5F1-binding sites, and as preferential expression of POU5F1 has been reported in ES cells, pancreatic islet, and diffuse-type gastric cancer, it has been suggested that POU5F1-mediated expression of JMJD1C reactivates previously silenced genes in ES cells and diffuse-type gastric cancer. At least three isoforms of JMJD1C are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

PEN2 Antibody: PEN2, in addition to presenilin, nicastrin, and APH-1 forms the gamma-secretase protein complex, a membrane-bound aspartyl protease that can cleave certain proteins at peptide bonds buried within the hydrophobic environment of the lipid bilayer. This cleavage is responsible for a key step in signaling from several cell-surface receptors and is thought to be required for the generation of the neurotoxic amyloid peptides that are central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Like the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) and the beta-site cleavage enzyme (BACE) protease families, gamma-secretase will cleave the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but within the intramembrane region of APP, resulting in either the non-toxic p3 (from the alpha and gamma cleavage site) or the toxic Abeta amyloid peptide (from the beta and gamma cleavage site). It is thought that accumulation of the Abeta peptide is the precursor to Alzheimer's disease.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Eph receptors, the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and their ephrin ligands are important mediators of cell-cell communication regulating cell attachment, shape, and mobility of neuronal and endothelial cells in central nervous system function and in development. Eph receptors can be divided into two subgroups: EphA and EphB. In mammals, the EphA class consists of eight members (EphA 1-7 and 10) that in general bind to ephrin-A members linked to the cell membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. The EphB class consists of six members (EphB 1-6) that in general bind ephrin-B members that transverse the cell membrane. The Ephrin / EPH signaling pathway networks with the WNT signaling pathway during embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Recent studies show that Eph/EFN might be relevant in normal B-cell biology and could represent new potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for CLL.

Supplier: Prosci

MDA5 Antibody: The innate immune system detects viral infection by recognizing various viral components and triggers antiviral responses. Like the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. MDA5, a member of the DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicase family, consists of an amino-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and a carboxyl-terminal RNA helicase domain similar to that of the related protein RIG-1. When stimulated by dsRNA, MDA5 recruits the adaptor protein VISA and ultimately causes the activation of IRF-3 and NF-kappa B. MDA5 and RIG-1 recognize different types of dsRNA, with MDA5 recognizing poly (I:C). MDA5-null mice were highly susceptible to infection with picornaviruses, which possess such sequences, demonstrating the importance of MDA5 in innate immunity.

Supplier: Prosci

Slitrk1 Antibody: SLIT and NTRK-like family 1 (Slitrk1) is a member a protein family consisting of six homologous transmembrane proteins (Slitrk1-6) that share two conserved leucine-rich repeat domains in the extracellular domain and have significant homology to Slit, a secreted axonal growth-controlling protein. These proteins are also homologous to trk neurotrophin receptors in their intracellular domains. Expression of Slitrk proteins is highly restricted to neural and brain tumor tissues, but varies within the family. For example, Slitrk1 is expressed primarily in mature neurons. Overexpression of Slitrk1 in transfected neuronal cells induced unipolar neurites, while expression of the other Slitrk proteins inhibited neurite outgrowth, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the control of neurite outgrowth. While Slitrk1 variants have been suggested associated with Tourette's Syndrome, it is thought to play only a minor role if at all.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kB mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli. NF-kB associates with IkB proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kB activity. IkB is phosphorylated by IkB kinase (IKK) complex that contains IKKa, IKKb, and IKKgamma. A novel molecule that associates with and activates IKK was recently identified and designated CIKS (for connection to IKK and SAPK/JNK) and Act1 (for NF-kB activator 1). CIKS directly interacts with IKKgamma. CIKS/Act1 also activates activating transcription factor (ATF) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through Jun kinase (JNK). These results indicate that CIKS/Act1 is involved in the inflammation and stress responses. CIKS/Act1 is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Adipose tissue of an organism plays a major role in regulating physiologic and pathologic processes such as metabolism and immunity by producing and secreting a variety of bioactive molecules termed adipokines. One highly conserved family of adipokines is adiponectin/ACRP30 and its structural and functional paralogs, the C1q/tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related proteins (CTRPs) 1-7. Unlike adiponectin, which is expressed exclusively by differentiated adipocytes, the CTRPs are expressed in a wide variety of tissues. These proteins are thought to act mainly on liver and muscle tissue to control glucose and lipid metabolism. An analysis of the crystal structure of adiponectin revealed a structural and evolutionary link between TNF and C1q-containing proteins, suggesting that these proteins arose from a common ancestral innate immunity gene. Like the other members of the adiponectin and CTRP protein family, the mature CTRP7 is secreted and can be found in the organism's circulatory system.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Adipose tissue of an organism plays a major role in regulating physiologic and pathologic processes such as metabolism and immunity by producing and secreting a variety of bioactive molecules termed adipokines. One highly conserved family of adipokines is adiponectin/ACRP30 and its structural and functional paralogs, the C1q/tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related proteins (CTRPs) 1-7. Unlike adiponectin, which is expressed exclusively by differentiated adipocytes, the CTRPs are expressed in a wide variety of tissues. An analysis of the crystal structure of adiponectin revealed a structural and evolutionary link between TNF and C1q-containing proteins, suggesting that these proteins arose from a common ancestral innate immunity gene. Multiple isoforms of human CTRP3 have been reported. It has been suggested that CTRP3 may play a role in skeletal development.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

DARC, also known as the Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor, is a seven-transmembrane protein homologous to the classical chemokine G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the exception of the motif required for G protein coupling. DARC can bind with high affinity several chemokines without transducing any signal, suggesting it may modulate the signals normally induced by these chemokines. Recently, DARC was found to interact with KAI1, a four transmembrane protein recently identified as a tumor metastasis suppressor protein. It is thought that tumor cells dislodged from the primary tumor and expressing KAI1 interact with DARC proteins expressed on vascular cells, transmitting a senescent signal to the tumor cells, while tumor cells that have lost KAI1 expression can proliferate and potentially give rise to metastases. At least three isoforms of DARC are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

SIRT2 Antibody: Autophagy, the process of bulk degradation of cellular proteins through an autophagosomic-lysosomal pathway is important for normal growth control and may be defective in tumor cells. It is involved in the preservation of cellular nutrients under starvation conditions as well as the normal turnover of cytosolic components. This process is negatively regulated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) through phosphorylation of autophagy protein APG1. ATG16, another member of the autophagy protein family, forms a complex with the ATG5-ATG12 conjugate. This multimeric protein has been shown to be essential for autophagosome formation in both yeast and mammals and targets the ATG5-ATG12 complex to the autophagic isolation membrane during the formation of the autophagosome. Because mammalian ATG16 has seven WD-repeats in its C-terminal domain, it has been suggested that these may form a platform for further protein-protein interactions. Multiple isoforms of ATG16 are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

SATB2 Antibody: Human special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-2 (SATB2) is a nuclear matrix/scaffold-associated region DNA-binding protein. Like its homolog SATB1, SATB2 selectively binds double-stranded, special AT-rich DNA sequences, but is expressed primarily in a subset of postmitotic, differentiating neurons in the neocortex. Mice deficient in SATB exhibit craniofacial abnormalities and defects in osteoblast differentiation and function. SATB2 also interacts with and enhances the activity of Runx2 and ATF4, two transcription factors that regulate osteoblast differentiation, indicating that SATB2 acts as a molecular node in a transcriptional network regulating skeletal development and osteoblast differentiation. Recent experiments have shown that SATB2 interacts with histone deacetylase 1 and metastasis-associated protein 2, two proteins that are involved in chromatin remodeling, suggesting that SATB2 may also be involved in mediating epigenetic influences during cortical development.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Cell cycle regulated protein ubiquitination and degradation within subcellular domains is thought to be essential for the normal progression of mitosis. APC4 is a highly conserved component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. APC/C is responsible for degrading anaphase inhibitors, mitotic cyclins, and spindle-associated proteins ensuring that events of mitosis take place in proper sequence. The individual APC/C components mRNA and protein levels are expressed at approximately the same levels in most tissues and cell lines, suggesting that they perform their functions as part of a complex. While little is known of APC4, it is thought that APC4 associates with other APC/C components APC1, APC5, and CDC23 interdependently, such that loss of any one subunit reduces binding between the remaining three.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD)- containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED-3 protease family. A novel ICE/CED-3 protease was identified recently, designated FLICE2 and Mch4 and renamed as caspase-10. Caspase-10 has two death effector domains (DEDs) that bind to the DED in the adapter molecule FADD and recruits both TNFR1 and CD95 to form complexes with these receptors. Caspase-10 is therefore involved in the CD95 and TNFR1 induced apoptosis. Caspase-10 cleaves and activates caspase-3, -4, -6, -7, -8 and -9, which causes the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins such as PARP. Cleavage of PARP occurs in many different systems during apoptosis and is the hallmark of programmed cell death. Caspase-10 is expressed in many tissues and cell lines.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

One component of host defense at mucosal surfaces is epithelial-derived antimicrobial peptides. Cathelicidins are one family of antimicrobial peptides characterized by conserved pro-peptide sequences that have been identified in epithelial tissues and some myeloid cells of humans and animals. LL-37/hCAP-18 is the only Cathelicidin found in humans and is expressed in inflammatory and epithelial cells. The presence of these molecules is essential for defense against invasive bacterial infection in skin. Besides their direct antimicrobial function, Cathelicidins have multiple roles in mediating innate and adaptive immunity, such as endotoxin neutralizing, angiogenesis, wound healing and promoting neutrophil chemotaxis and mast cell recruitment. Finally, Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides qualify as prototypes of innovative drugs that may be used to treat infection and/or modulate the immune response.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a candidate gene for susceptibility to schizophrenia. It was discovered through chromosomal analysis of a large Scottish family whose members exhibited schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, it was discovered that DISC1 interacts with many members of the centrosome and cytoskeletal system including MAP1A and Nudel. More recently, DISC1 has been found to regulate the transport of a complex containing Nudel, the lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) protein, and 14-3-3epsilon from neuronal cell bodies to the axons by the action of the microtubule-dependent directed motor protein kinesin-1, also known as KIF5A. Decreased expression of DISC1 in neurons caused an accelerated rate of neuronal integration, resulting in aberrant morphological development, suggesting that DISC1 plays a role in dendritic development and synapse formation. DISC1 has at least four known isoforms.

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Maxwell RSC Standard Warranty.

Supplier: Prosci

JPH1 Antibody: Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH1 is essential for stabilizing the T-tubule and SR membranes to form junctions and provide an environment for the assembly of receptors such as the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1).

Supplier: Prosci

BICD2 Antibody: BICD2 is the second human homolog discovered to the Drosophila Bicaudal-D protein that forms part of the cytoskeleton and mediates the correct sorting of mRNAs for oocyte- and axis-determining factors during oogenesis. Similar to the highly homologous protein BICD1, BICD2 can bind to dynein-dynactin complex, primarily through the dynamitin subunit of dynactin. The C-terminus of BICD2 targets the protein to the Golgi complex while the N-terminal domain of BICD2 co-immunoprecipitates with cytoplasmic dynein, suggesting BICD2 plays a role in the dynein-dynactin interaction on the surface of membranous organelles. Mice engineered to overexpress the BICD2 amino terminal domain in neurons developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like features such as Golgi fragmentation, neurofilament swelling in proximal axons, etc., suggesting that impaired dynein/dynactin function may explain some of the pathological features observed in ALS patients.

Supplier: Prosci

SLPI Antibody: Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is produced at mucosal surfaces, primarily the upper respiratory tract and is thought to play an important role in the antiprotease defense mechanism of the lung. SLPI forms inhibitory complexes with numerous proteolytic enzymes such as neutrophil elastase, and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antibacterial activities. Its expression in oral epithelial cells is stimulated by HIV-1 gp120, suggesting that SLPI is a component of the oral mucosal response to HIV-1. In peripheral blood monocytes, SLPI can inhibit NF-kappa B activation by inhibiting Ikappa B degradation in the cytoplasm and competing for NF-kappa B binding sites in the nucleus. This attenuation of the inflammatory response may also act to suppress liver metastases and other cancer cell invasions, but promote blood-borne metastasis via an invasion-independent pathway.