139532 Results for: "(S)-(+)-2-Hydroxyisovaleric+acid"

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

LRRK2 is a large protein with multiple domains including several ankyrin, leucine-rich, and WD40 repeats, a Ras-like small GTPase family domain named Roc, and a kinase domain that is closely related to the RIP kinase domain. LRRK2 gene is expressed in brain as well as in other tissues such as lung, liver and heart. LRRK2 might be central to the pathogenesis of several major neurodegenerative diseases associated with parkinsonism. Several dominantly inherited missense mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 have been identified in several families that exhibit a broad spectrum of neuropathological features. Anti-LRRK2 is ideal for researchers interested in Neuroscience, specifically parkinsonism, as well as pathways related to the Electron Transport Chain and Wnt Signaling.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

LRRK2 is a large protein with multiple domains including several ankyrin, leucine-rich, and WD40 repeats, a Ras-like small GTPase family domain named Roc, and a kinase domain that is closely related to the RIP kinase domain. LRRK2 gene is expressed in brain as well as in other tissues such as lung, liver and heart. LRRK2 might be central to the pathogenesis of several major neurodegenerative diseases associated with parkinsonism. Several dominantly inherited missense mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 have been identified in several families that exhibit a broad spectrum of neuropathological features. Anti-LRRK2 is ideal for researchers interested in Neuroscience, specifically parkinsonism, as well as pathways related to the Electron Transport Chain and Wnt Signaling.

Supplier: Prosci

This gene is a member of the protocadherin beta gene cluster, one of three related gene clusters tandemly linked on chromosome five. The gene clusters demonstrate an unusual genomic organization similar to that of B-cell and T-cell receptor gene clusters. The beta cluster contains 16 genes and 3 pseudogenes, each encoding 6 extracellular cadherin domains and a cytoplasmic tail that deviates from others in the cadherin superfamily. The extracellular domains interact in a homophilic manner to specify differential cell-cell connections. Unlike the alpha and gamma clusters, the transcripts from these genes are made up of only one large exon, not sharing common 3' exons as expected. These neural cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins are integral plasma membrane proteins. Their specific functions are unknown but they most likely play a critical role in the establishment and function of specific cell-cell neural connections.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Autophagy, the process of bulk degradation of cellular proteins through an autophagosomic-lysosomal pathway is important for normal growth control and may be defective in tumor cells. It is involved in the preservation of cellular nutrients under starvation conditions as well as the normal turnover of cytosolic components and is negatively regulated by TOR (Target of rapamycin). LAMP-2, a highly glycosylated protein associated with the lysosome, has recently been shown to be important in autophagy as mice deficient in this protein failed to convert autophagic vacuoles into vacuoles leading to impaired degradation of long-lived proteins. This correlates with the finding that human LAMP-2 deficiency causing Danon's disease is associated with the accumulation of autophagic material in striated myocytes. LAMP-2 exists in multiple isoforms.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The zinc transporter ZIP3, also known as SLC39A3, is a member of a family of divalent ion transporters. Zinc is an essential ion for cells and plays significant roles in the growth, development, and differentiation. Similar to knock-outs of ZIP1 and ZIP2, ZIP3-null mice have no phenotypic differences compared to wild-type mice. Only when ZIP1, ZIP2, and ZIP3 genes are all eliminated and these mutant mice are fed a zinc-deficient diet do abnormalities such as reduced embryonic-membrane bound alkaline phosphatase activity and abnormal development occur, indicating that the ZIP1-3 proteins play an important, noncompensatory role when zinc is deficient. More recent studies have shown that ZIP2 and ZIP3 are down regulated in human prostate adenocarcinomatous glands, and may be important in the retention of zinc in the cellular compartment.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The zinc transporter ZIP2, also known as SLC39A2, is a member of a family of divalent ion transporters. Zinc is an essential ion for cells and plays significant roles in the growth, development, and differentiation. Similar to knock-outs of ZIP1 and ZIP3, ZIP2-null mice have no phenotypic differences compared to wild-type mice. Only when ZIP1, ZIP2, and ZIP3 genes are all eliminated and these mutant mice are fed a zinc-deficient diet do abnormalities such as reduced embryonic-membrane bound alkaline phosphatase activity and abnormal development occur, indicating that the ZIP1-3 proteins play an important, noncompensatory role when zinc is deficient. More recent studies have shown that ZIP2 and ZIP3 are down regulated in human prostate adenocarcinomatous glands, and may be important in the retention of zinc in the cellular compartment.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The TCF3 gene, also called E2A, encodes two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, E12 and E47, through alternative splicing. These transcription factors are involved in mediating canonical Wnt signaling, which is very important in a diverse array of cellular functions such as stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, activation, fate determination, differentiation and aging and senescence. They bind beta-catenin and can act as transcriptional activators or repressors for Wnt target genes, and have been shown to regulate specific target genes during CNS development downstream of Wnt signaling. TCF3/Lef complexes are also known to play key roles in controlling cell fate lineages in multipotent skin stem cells.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Upon antigen challenge, T-helper cells differentiate into two functional distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells produce IL-2, IFN-gamma and lymphotoxin-beta that augment cell mediated immune response while Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 that enhance humoral immunity. The function of T-helper cells is regulated by cytokines. A novel cytokine receptor was recently identified and cloned. It is a new member in the type I cytokine receptor family and designated TCCR for T-cell cytokine receptor and WSX-1. TCCR deficient mice had impaired Th1 responses to protein antigen challenge, including decreased levels of IFN-gamma and Th1-dependent antibody IgG2a. TCCR is predominately expressed in thymus, spleen, lymph notes and peripheral blood leukocytes.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Autophagy, the process of bulk degradation of cellular proteins through an autophagosomic-lysosomal pathway is important for normal growth control and may be defective in tumor cells. It is involved in the preservation of cellular nutrients under starvation conditions as well as the normal turnover of cytosolic components. Two of the strongest hits implicate genes IRGM and ATG16L1, which encode proteins thought to be critical to the autophagy pathway and being significantly associated with Crohn's disease. IRGM induces autophagy and generates large autolysosomal organelles as a mechanism for the elimination of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In mouse, IRGM belongs to a family of gamma-interferon-induced GTP-binding proteins of approximately 48 kDa that also includes IRGM2 and IRGM3; this antibody may also recognize these proteins.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain containing adaptor molecules and proteases including several members of the caspase family. Another family of proteins that functions as a critical regulator of apoptosis and NFk signaling pathways is the CED-4/Apaf-1 (apoptosis protein activating factor-1) protein family. Ipaf (ICE protease activating factor) is a CED-4/Apaf-1 family member that activates caspase-1/ICE and can induce apoptosis in human cells in a caspase-1 dependent manner. Ipaf and caspase-1 are thought to interact with each other through the association of the Ipaf amino-terminal CARD (caspase recruitment domain) and amino-terminal CARD of caspase-1.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The leucine-rich, glioma inactivated gene 1 (LGI1) was first identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene for glioma and may play a role in other cancers. LGI1 is a member of a family of highly related proteins containing leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) which are highly similar to other transmembrane signaling molecules and receptors. LGI1 serves as a ligand to ADAM22, a metalloprotease localized at the synapse. Mutations in LGI1 account for nearly half of autodominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADTLE), an epileptic syndrome characterized by focal seizures with predominant auditory symptoms. Two isoforms of LGI1 are known to exist; this LGI1 antibody will recognize only the longer form. Anti-LGI1 is ideal for research in Neuroscience and Cancer.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The LKB1 serine/threonine protein kinase was initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene mutated in human Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a condition resulting in the growth of numerous intestinal polyps classed as hamartomas. LKB1 exists as a heterotrimeric complex with two other proteins, Ste20-related adaptor protein (STRAD) and MO25. Together, this complex can phsophorylate and activate the AMP-activate protein kinase (AMPK). Following AMPK activation by LKB1, AMPK then phosphorylates TSC1 and TSC2, key components of the metabolism-regulating TOR signaling pathway, which antagonizes the activation for the TOR pathway. LKB1 has also been shown to play a fundamental role in controlling the spatial orientation of structures required to maintain an ordered, polarized epithelium.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has recently been identified as an important factor capable of driving dendritic cell maturation and activation. It is involved in the positive selection of regulatory T cells, maintenance of peripheral CD4+ T cell homeostasis and the induction of CD4+ T cell-mediated allergic reaction. TSLP is also capable of supporting the growth of fetal liver and adult B cell progenitors and their differentiation to the IgM-positive stage of B cell development. Its receptor TSLP-R will bind TSLP in a low-affinity fashion in transfected cells; co-transfection with IL-7R-alpha cDNA results in high-affinity binding and a functional heteromeric complex. This heteromeric receptor requires stat5 for TSLP-mediated signal transduction and is inhibited by SOCS-1.

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Recombinant full-length human PIM1 was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag. PIM1 is a proto-oncogene that belongs to a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are highly conserved in multicellular organisms.

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Full-length recombinant human CAMK1 gamma was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag. CAMK1 gamma (CLICK-III), a member of the CAMK family, is a novel membrane-anchored neuronal Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Thrombin is the final coagulation protease in regard to hemostasis, promoting both procoagulant and anticoagulant effects. It is a lyophilized powder containing sucrose, sodium chloride and Tris. The predominant form of thrombin in vivo is the zymogen, prothrombin (factor II), which is produced in the liver. The concentration of prothrombin in normal human plasma is 5–10 mg/dL. Prothrombin is a glycoprotein with a glycan content of ~12%.

Supplier: G-Biosciences

G-Biosciences' HOOK™ 6X His Protein Purification (Bacteria) is a complete kit for the purification of soluble, 6X His tagged protein from bacterial cultures

Supplier: Novus Biologicals

Measured in an anti-viral assay using HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus.

Supplier: Prosci

Akt1 Antibody: Akt1, initially identified as the cellular homolog to the retro-viral oncogene v-Akt, is part of the phosphatidyl 3'-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway that is activated by diverse cellular stimuli and regulates critical cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Following phosphorylation of the second messenger PIP2 by PI3K, Akt1 translocates to the cell membrane where it is activated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK) 1 and PDK2. The active Akt1 is then able to phosphorylate and activate its substrates, including those that are important for cell proliferation and survival such as TOR and the Bcl-2 homolog Bad. Negative regulation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is mainly accomplished by the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN which catalyzes the conversion of PIP3 to PIP2, thereby preventing the activation of Akt1. Inactivation of this gene often results in excessive Akt1 activity, often leading to the formation of malignant tumors.

Supplier: Prosci

IL-27 Antibody: Like interleukin-23 (IL-23), IL-27 is a recently discovered member of the IL-6/IL-12 family of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. It exists as a heterodimer composed of the p40-related protein EBI3 and an IL-12 p35-related protein termed p28. IL-27 is produced after activation by antigen-presenting cells and induces proliferation of naïve but not memory CD4+ T-cells. It acts by binding to its receptor WSX-1 and gp130 which results in the activation of a Jak/STAT signaling cascade, suggesting the IL-27 is involved in the regulation of immune processes. It has been suggested that IL-27 can also be used as a therapeutic agent against cancer as it can also induce tumor-specific anti-tumor activity mediated through CD8+ T-cells, IFN-gamma, and T-bet.

Supplier: Prosci

IL-27 Antibody: Like interleukin-23 (IL-23), IL-27 is a recently discovered member of the IL-6/IL-12 family of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. It exists as a heterodimer composed of the p40-related protein EBI3 and an IL-12 p35-related protein termed p28. IL-27 is produced after activation by antigen-presenting cells and induces proliferation of naïve but not memory CD4+ T-cells. It acts by binding to its receptor WSX-1 and gp130 which results in the activation of a Jak/STAT signaling cascade, suggesting the IL-27 is involved in the regulation of immune processes. It has been suggested that IL-27 can also be used as a therapeutic agent against cancer as it can also induce tumor-specific anti-tumor activity mediated through CD8+ T-cells, IFN-gamma, and T-bet.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain containing adapter molecules and members of the caspase family of proteases. These death signals finally cause the degradation of chromosomal DNA by activated DNase. A human DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) was identified recently which was cleaved by caspase-3 during apoptosis. Mouse homologue of human DFF was identified as a DNase inhibitor designated ICAD, for inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase. Upon cleavage of DFF/ICAD, a caspase activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) is released and activated and eventually causes the degradation of DNA in the nuclei. Therefore, the cleavage of CAD inhibitor molecule DFF/ICAD, which causes DNase activation and DNA degradation, is the hallmark of apoptotic cell death.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

SIP1 is one of the proteins found in the SMN complex, which consists of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein and several gemin proteins. The SMN complex is localized to a subnuclear compartment called gems (gemini of coiled bodies) and is required for assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs and for pre-mRNA splicing. SIP1 interacts directly with the SMN and it is required for formation of the SMN complex. A knockout mouse targeting the mouse homolog of this gene exhibited disrupted snRNP assembly and motor neuron degeneration. However, knockdown of the SIP1 mRNA in motor neurons showed normal motor axons while that of SMN mRNA did show abnormal motor axon outgrowth, indicating that SIP1 may have additional roles outside of the SMN complex.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

RAP80 was initially identified as zinc-finger containing nuclear protein that is highly expressed in testis and interacts with the retinoid-related testis-associated receptor (RTR). Later experiments revealed that RAP80 is recruited by the Coiled-coil domain 98 (CCDC98) protein to the breast cancer-1 protein BRCA1, allowing the formation of BRCA1 foci in response to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. Both RAP80 and CCDC98 are required for DNA damage resistance, G2-M checkpoint control, and DNA repair. Cells depleted of either RAP80 or CCDC98 exhibited increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation, although not as much as in BRCA1-depleted cells, suggesting that RAP80 and CCDC98 control only part of the DNA damage response role of BRCA1. At least four isoforms of RAP80 are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

Bcl10, with an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD), is found in a number of apoptotic regulatory molecules. It was identified through its direct involvement in t(1;14) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Expression of Bcl10 was shown to induce NFkB activation in a NIK-dependent pathway. This antibody labels subpopulations of normal B and T cells and is a useful tool for the sub-classification of lymphomas. In MALT lymphomas with the t(1;14) translocation, while 55% of MALT lymphomas lacking this translocation exhibited the same labeling pattern, although at a much lower level.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Interferons (IFNs) are involved in a multitude of immune interactions during viral infections and play a major role in both the induction and regulation of innate and adaptive antiviral mechanisms. During infection, host-virus interactions signal downstream molecules such as transcription factors such as IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) which can act to stimulate transcription of IFN-alpha/beta genes. Another member, IRF7 has been shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of virus-inducible cellular genes, including interferon beta chain genes. IRF4 expression is tightly regulated in resting primary T cells and plays an essential role in the homeostasis and function of mature lymphocytes. IRF4 is induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and acts as a negative regulator of TLR signaling.

Supplier: Prosci

This gene is a member of the DAZ gene family and is a candidate for the human Y-chromosomal azoospermia factor (AZF). Its expression is restricted to premeiotic germ cells, particularly in spermatogonia. It encodes an RNA-binding protein that is important for spermatogenesis. Four copies of this gene are found on chromosome Y within palindromic duplications; one pair of genes is part of the P2 palindrome and the second pair is part of the P1 palindrome. Each gene contains a 2.4 kb repeat including a 72-bp exon, called the DAZ repeat; the number of DAZ repeats is variable and there are several variations in the sequence of the DAZ repeat. Each copy of the gene also contains a 10.8 kb region that may be amplified; this region includes five exons that encode an RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain. This gene contains one copy of the 10.8 kb repeat.

Supplier: Biotium

TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3), along with family members TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP4, are inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). An imbalance between MMPs and the associated TIMPs may play a significant role in the invasive phenotype of malignant tumors. TIMP s inhibit the proteolytic invasiveness of tumor cells and normal placental trophoblast cells. TIMP-3 may be involved in regulating trophoblastic invasion of the uterus as well as in regulating remodeling of the extracellular matrix during the folding of epithelia, and in the formation, branching and expansion of epithelial tubes.

CF® dyes are Biotium's next-generation fluorescent dyes. CF®640R is a far-red fluorescent dye (Ex/Em 642/662 nm) with excellent brightness, and the best photostabiity among spectrally-similar dyes.

Supplier: Biotium

TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3), along with family members TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP4, are inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). An imbalance between MMPs and the associated TIMPs may play a significant role in the invasive phenotype of malignant tumors. TIMP s inhibit the proteolytic invasiveness of tumor cells and normal placental trophoblast cells. TIMP-3 may be involved in regulating trophoblastic invasion of the uterus as well as in regulating remodeling of the extracellular matrix during the folding of epithelia, and in the formation, branching and expansion of epithelial tubes.

CF® dyes are Biotium's next-generation fluorescent dyes. CF®594 is a deep red fluorescent dye (Ex/Em 593/614 nm). It yields the brightest conjugates among spectrally similar dyes, and has excellent photostability.

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Recombinant human ULK1 (1-649) was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag. ULK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a critical role during initial stages of autophagy, a vital response to nutrient starvation.