139517 Results for: "(S)-(+)-2-Hydroxyisovaleric+acid"

Supplier: Prosci

DARC Antibody: DARC, also known as the Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor, is a seven-transmembrane protein homologous to the classical chemokine G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the exception of the motif required for G protein coupling. DARC can bind with high affinity several chemokines without transducing any signal, suggesting it may modulate the signals normally induced by these chemokines. Recently, DARC was found to interact with KAI1, a four transmembrane protein recently identified as a tumor metastasis suppressor protein. It is thought that tumor cells dislodged from the primary tumor and expressing KAI1 interact with DARC proteins expressed on vascular cells, transmitting a senescent signal to the tumor cells, while tumor cells that have lost KAI1 expression can proliferate and potentially give rise to metastases. At least three isoforms of DARC are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

TIGAR Antibody: The p53 tumor-suppressor gene integrates numerous signals that control cell life and death; loss of its functions contributes to the development of most cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of p53 to regulate the expression of several proteins involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, such as TIGAR, SCO2, and phosphoglycerate mutase. TIGAR is a recently discovered protein that functions to regulate glycolysis and protect cells against oxidative stress. TIGAR is similar in structure to proteins in the phosphoglycerate mutase family, most notably 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, suggesting TIGAR may function as a fructose bisphosphatase. Expression of TIGAR in transfected cells correlated with an inhibition of glycolysis and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and p53-induced apoptosis, indicating that TIGAR may act to modulate the apoptotic response to p53, thereby allowing cells to survive mild or transient stresses.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

B-raf belongs to the raf/mil family of serine/threonine protein kinases and plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERKs signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathways interact with each other to regulate growth and in some cases tumorigenesis. Mutations in B-raf have been associated with several cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, malignant melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of lung, leading to speculation on the possibility of B-raf as a therapeutic target for treating cancers. Mutations in this gene have also been associated with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS), a disease characterized by heart defects, mental retardation and a distinctive facial appearance.

Supplier: Prosci

PAK6 Antibody: The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine-threonine kinases that bind to the active forms of Cdc42 and Rac. They are divided into two groups, the first of which include PAK1, 2 and 3, and can be activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. Group 1 PAKs contain an autoinhibitory domain whose activity is regulated by Cdc42/Rac binding. The group 1 PAKs are known to be involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell morphology and motility. Much less is known about the second group, which includes PAK4, 5 and 6. These proteins are not activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. PAK6 was initially identified as an androgen receptor in a yeast two hybrid screen and was found to be highly expressed in testis and prostate tissues. Later experiments have shown it to be activated by MAP kinase kinase 6 and p38 MAP kinase, suggesting that PAK6 may play a role in the cellular response to stress-related signals.

Supplier: Bioss

Methylation at the 5'-position of cytosine is the only known naturally occurring covalent modification of the mammalian genome. DNA methylation requires the enzymatic activity of DNA 5-cytosine methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to the 5'-position of cytosines residing in the dinucleotide CpG motif, and this methylation results in transcriptional repression of the target gene. The Dnmt enzymes are encoded by independent genes. Dnmt1 is the most abundant, and it preferentially methylates hemimethylated DNA and coordinates gene expression during development. Additional mammalian Dnmt proteins include Dnmt2 and Dnmt3. Dnmt2 lacks the large N-terminal regulator domain of Dnmt1, is expressed at substantially lower levels in adult tissues, and is likely involved in methylating newly integrated retroviral DNA. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are encoded by two distinct genes, but both are abundantly expressed in embryonic stem cells, where they also methylate CpG motifs on DNA.

Supplier: Bioss

Methylation at the 5'-position of cytosine is the only known naturally occurring covalent modification of the mammalian genome. DNA methylation requires the enzymatic activity of DNA 5-cytosine methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to the 5'-position of cytosines residing in the dinucleotide CpG motif, and this methylation results in transcriptional repression of the target gene. The Dnmt enzymes are encoded by independent genes. Dnmt1 is the most abundant, and it preferentially methylates hemimethylated DNA and coordinates gene expression during development. Additional mammalian Dnmt proteins include Dnmt2 and Dnmt3. Dnmt2 lacks the large N-terminal regulator domain of Dnmt1, is expressed at substantially lower levels in adult tissues, and is likely involved in methylating newly integrated retroviral DNA. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are encoded by two distinct genes, but both are abundantly expressed in embryonic stem cells, where they also methylate CpG motifs on DNA.

Supplier: Invitrogen

Hydrazide-activated resin to immobilize glycoproteins for affinity purification.

Supplier: ANTIBODIES.COM LLC

Rat PRKACB/cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit beta ELISA kit is a sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (sELISA) designed for the in vitro quantitative determination of rat PRKACB/cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit beta in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other biological fluids.

Supplier: Eppendorf

Flex-Tube® microtubes (1.5 ml) are designed for seamless one-handed operation with an easy-to-open, securely closing tube design. Perfect for sample preparation, centrifugation, and storage, these tubes will effortlessly integrate into workflows for efficient and reliable performance.

Supplier: Cytiva

Amersham™ Protran® membranes are manufactured from 100% pure nitrocellulose to ensure the highest binding capacity possible. They are compatible with a variety of detection methods, including isotopic, chemiluminescent, colorimetric and fluorescent. No methanol pre-wetting step is required, making this the membrane of choice for proteins which prefer aqueous environments. Prior to transfer the membrane is simply wetted with water, and then placed in the transfer buffer. No other pretreatment steps are necessary.

Supplier: Prosci

VISA Antibody: Two distinct signaling pathways activate the host innate immunity against viral infection. One pathway is reliant on members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family while the other uses the RNA helicase RIG-I as a receptor for intracellular viral double-stranded RNA as a trigger for the immune response. VISA is a mitochondrial membrane protein that was identified as a critical component in the IFN-b signaling pathways that recruits IRF-3 to RIG-I, leading to its activation and that of NF-kappa B. VISA is also thought to interact with other components of the innate immune pathway such as the TLR adapter protein TRIF, TRAF2 and TRAF6. VISA also interacts with the IKK alpha , IKK beta ; and IKKepsilon kinases through its C-terminal region. Cleavage of this region by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease allows HCV to escape the host immune system. At least three isoforms of VISA are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

NogoA Antibody: NogoA is a member of a family of integral membrane proteins termed reticulons that are thought to be involved in numerous disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. Reticulon proteins are known to regulate many cellular processes and interact with multiple proteins and receptors such as BACE. NogoA was initially identified as a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor. It is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes in the white matter of the CNS; blocking its activity with antibodies or other factors results in improved axon regrowth and functional recovery in experimental CNS lesion models. NogoA has also been suggested to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which case NogoA is found at elevated levels in postmortem muscular samples, and multiple sclerosis (MS), in which case autoantibodies to NogoA have been found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in MS patients.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related virus require coreceptors to infect target cells. Some G protein-coupled receptors including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b, CCR8, GPR15, STRL33, and CX3CR1 in the chemokine receptor family were recently identified as HIV coreceptors. CCR5, CXCR4 and CCR3 are the principal receptors for HIV fusion and entry of target cells. CCR3 facilitates infection by a subset of virus. CCR3 and CCR5 promote efficient infection of microglia, the major target cells in the CNS. High levels of CCR3 and CXCR4 expression were found on the neurons from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The CCR3 ligand, eotaxin, and an anti-CCR3 antibody inhibited HIV infection of microglia. These results indicate CCR3 plays an important role in HIV infection of CNS.

Supplier: Prosci

RICK Antibody: Apoptosis is mediated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. DD-containing serine/threonine kinase RIP regulates Fas-induced apoptosis. A novel CARD-containing serine/threonine kinase was recently identified and designated RICK/RIP2/CARDIAK for RIP-like interacting CLARP kinase, receptor interacting protein-2, and CARD-containing ICE associated kinase, respectively. RICK contains an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal CARD domain. Overexpression of RICK induced apoptosis and activation of NF-kappa B and JNK. RICK interacts with members of the TRAF family, CLARP and caspase-1. Thus, RICK represents a novel kinase that regulates TNF and Fas induced-apoptosis and that is involved in the generation of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta. The messenger RNA of RICK is expressed in multiple human tissues.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Neuroligin-1 is a neuronal cell surface protein belonging to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family. It is a necessary component in the maturation of excitatory synapses for their normal, functional development, and is necessary to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the development of long-term memory within the adult amygdala in mammals. It is believed to participate in cell-cell-interaction through the assembly of intracellular junction by the binding of beta-neurexins, and may also be a factor in the maintenance and assembly of synaptic junctions. It is also thought to have involvement in excitatory synaptic specification. Within brain tissue, Neuroligin-1 is primarily observed in neurons and spinal cord. Anti-Neuroligin-1 is ideal for research in Neuroscience, including narcolepsy and synaptic neurotransmission: GABAergic inhibition, as well as Cell Adhesion.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Neuroligin-1 is a neuronal cell surface protein belonging to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family. It is a necessary component in the maturation of excitatory synapses for their normal, functional development, and is necessary to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the development of long-term memory within the adult amygdala in mammals. It is believed to participate in cell-cell-interaction through the assembly of intracellular junction by the binding of beta-neurexins, and may also be a factor in the maintenance and assembly of synaptic junctions. It is also thought to have involvement in excitatory synaptic specification. Within brain tissue, Neuroligin-1 is primarily observed in neurons and spinal cord. Anti-Neuroligin-1 is ideal for research in Neuroscience, including narcolepsy and synaptic neurotransmission: GABAergic inhibition, as well as Cell Adhesion.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Neuroligin-1 is a neuronal cell surface protein belonging to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family. It is a necessary component in the maturation of excitatory synapses for their normal, functional development, and is necessary to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the development of long-term memory within the adult amygdala in mammals. It is believed to participate in cell-cell-interaction through the assembly of intracellular junction by the binding of beta-neurexins, and may also be a factor in the maintenance and assembly of synaptic junctions. It is also thought to have involvement in excitatory synaptic specification. Within brain tissue, Neuroligin-1 is primarily observed in neurons and spinal cord. Anti-Neuroligin-1 is ideal for research in Neuroscience, including narcolepsy and synaptic neurotransmission: GABAergic inhibition, as well as Cell Adhesion.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

ZC3H12A, also known as MCPIP, is an essential member of a family of novel CCCH-zinc finger proteins that regulate macrophage activation and may be involved in host immunity and inflammatory diseases. ZC3H12A has RNase activity that prevents some immune disorders by directly affecting the mRNA stability of interleukins such as IL-6 and IL12p40. Mice lacking the ZC3H12A gene suffered from severe anemia, and most dies within 12 weeks. Overexpression of ZC3H12A causes ER stress and induces a number of genes involved in apoptosis and autophagy, including JNK, PUMA, and beclin-1 in cardiac myoblasts, leading to cell death. ZC3H12A can also induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in the absence of PPAPgamma, demonstrating the complex roles ZC3H12A plays.

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Recombinant full-length human MST1 was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag. MST1 belongs to a family of proteins that share similarity with a budding yeast serine/threonine kinase, sterile-20 (Ste20).

Supplier: Prosci

RICK Antibody: Apoptosis is mediated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. DD-containing serine/threonine kinase RIP regulates Fas-induced apoptosis. A novel CARD-containing serine/threonine kinase was recently identified and designated RICK/RIP2/CARDIAK for RIP-like interacting CLARP kinase, receptor interacting protein-2, and CARD-containing ICE associated kinase, respectively. RICK contains an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal CARD domain. Overexpression of RICK induced apoptosis and activation of NF-kappa B and JNK. RICK interacts with members of the TRAF family, CLARP and caspase-1. Thus, RICK represents a novel kinase that regulates TNF and Fas induced-apoptosis and that is involved in the generation of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta. The messenger RNA of RICK is expressed in multiple human tissues.

Supplier: Prosci

IKK gamma Antibody: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli. NF-kappa B is associated with I kappa B proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappa B activity. The I kappa B kinase (IKK alpha and IKK beta ) phosphorylates IkB and mediates NF-kappa B activation. A novel molecule in the IKK complex was recently identified and termed IKK gamma /NEMO/FIP3/IKKAP1. IKK gamma interacts with IKK beta and is required for the activation of IKK complex and NF-kappa B by LPS, PMA, TNF, and IL-1 stimulation. FIP3 was also shown to bind to RIP and NIK and to mediate TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation.

Supplier: Prosci

MADD Antibody: MAP kinase-activating death domain protein (MADD) was initially identified as the type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR1) associated protein though their death domains. Overexpression of MADD activates MAP kinases ERK and JNK and induces the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2. MADD shares 98% identity with DENN (for differentially expressed in neoplastic vs. normal cells), which was recently identified as a substrate for c-jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3). MADD has greater than 94% overall identity to a GDP/GTP exchange protein Rab3-GEP. MADD is 87% identical to KIAA0358, a brain protein of unknown function. Identification of MADD as a component of the TNFR1 signaling complex and the similarity between MADD and Rab3-GEP provides a connection between TNFR1 activation and downstream MAP kinase activity through a guanine-nucleotide exchange protein.

Supplier: Prosci

CAD Antibody: Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain containing adapter molecules and members of the caspase family of proteases. These death signals finally cause the degradation of chromosomal DNA by activated DNase. A mouse DNase that causes DNA fragmentation was identified recently and designated CAD (for caspase activated deoxyribonuclease). The human homologue of mouse CAD was more recently identified by two groups independently and termed CPAN and DFF40. Human DFF45 and its mouse homologue ICAD are the inhibitors of CPAN/DFF40 and CAD, respectively. Upon cleavage of DFF45/ICAD by activated caspase, DFF40/CAD is released and activated and eventually causes the degradation of DNA in the nuclei. Activation of CAD/DFF40, which causes DNA degradation, is the hallmark of apoptotic cell death.

Supplier: Prosci

GFR alpha 2 Antibody: Members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, including GDNF and neurturin (NTN) play key roles in the control of vertebrate neuron survival and differentiation. Physiological responses to NTN require the presence of a novel glycosylphosphadidylinositol linked protein NTNRalpha, which is a cell surface receptor for NTN. The cDNAs encoding NTNRalpha from human, rat, chicken, and mouse have been cloned recently. NTNRalpha was also termed GDNFR beta , Ret ligand 2 (RETL2) or TGFbeta-related neurotrophic factor receptor 2 (TrnR2) and nominated as GFR alpha -2 recently. GFR alpha -2 binds NTN and mediates activation of RET receptor tyrosine kinase by both NTN and GDNF. Thus, NTN, GFR alpha -2, and the Ret PTK form a complex to transduce NTN signal and to mediate NTN function.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

RWDD3 (RSUME), a small RWD-containing protein, has a central role in sumoylation by enhancing SUMO conjugation in the regulatory network of immune-inflammatory signals. RWDD3 increases IkBeta sumoylation and stability. In addition, RWDD3 inhibits TNF-a-induced kappaB-LUC (Luciferase) reporter activity, showing the functional consequence of IkBeta increased stability. RSUME-enhanced sumoylation of IkBeta leads to the inhibition of NF-kBeta activity on two well-known inflammatory genes, IL-8 and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and therefore may also favor anti-inflammatory pathways. Expression of RWDD3 was induced under hypoxic conditions and it has a potential role during vascularization. Both BMP-4 and RWDD3 may be interesting targets for inhibiting steps involved in pituitary tumorigenesis.

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Recombinant full-length human CAMK2 alpha was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 cells using an N-terminal GST tag. CAMK2 alpha is a ser/thr protein kinase that is a member of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase family.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

IA-1, also known as INSM1, is an essential five zinc-finger transcription factor that while initially identified from an insulinoma cDNA library, is expressed in the developing nervous system. Specifically, IA-1 is expressed as early as E9.5 in mice in the fore-, mid- and hindbrain, spinal cord, retina, and olfactory bulb. It is thought that IA-1 functions as a transcriptional repressor, and is a part of several signaling pathways including those of Notch and sonic hedgehog in addition to that of Ngn3 during pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation. IA-1 is also expressed in multiple tumors, including the majority of neuroendocrine tumors tested so far as well as nearly 100% of all small cell lung carcinomas, indicating that IA-1 may be an important target in cancer therapy.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a family of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by activated T cells and is thought to have a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK and JNK. In addition, IL-17 stimulates the expression of IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 and enhances the production of nitric oxide. IL-17-producing T helper cells (TH-17 cells) have been the subject of much attention due to the importance of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammation. Because of its role in autoimmune diseases, it is thought that targeting the production and action of IL-17 would be beneficial therapeutically in these diseases.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Glycoprotein VI (GP6) is a 58kD platelet membrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the collagen-induced activation and aggregation of platelets. It is uniquely expressed by cells of the megakaryocytic/platelet lineage, and is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, closely related to Fc receptor gamma chain (FcRgamma) and natural killer receptors. Glycoprotein VI plays a key role in platelet procoagulant activity and subsequent thrombin and fibrin formation. This procoagulant function may contribute to arterial and venous thrombus formation. The signaling pathway involves the FcRgamma, the Src kinases (likely Fyn/Lyn), the adapter protein LAT and leads to the activation of phospholipase C gamma2. GPVI deficiency can result in bleeding disorders. Further study should reveal the extent of GPVI involvement in thrombotic disease and allow the development of alternative anti-thrombotic compounds.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The HS-1 associated protein X-1 (Hax1) was initially identified in a yeast two-hybrid assay on the basis of its ability to bind to the hemapoietic cell-specific protein 1 (HS-1). Hax1 possesses anti-apoptotic activity and is structurally related to Bcl-2 family members, including the presence of BH1- and BH2-like domains. It has recently been shown to interact with HIV viral protein R (Vpr), a protein required for viral pathogenesis of HIV and linked to T-cell apoptosis through activation of caspases 3 and 9. Other studies indicate that Hax1-mediated processing of HtrA2 (also known as Omi) by the mitochondrial protease PARL allows survival of lymphocytes and neurons when cytokines are limiting. At least four isoforms of Hax1 are known to exist. This antibody is expected to recognize the longest isoform (Hax1a) as well as the shortest.