Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that functions as a potent inducer of neutrophilic granulocyte proliferation, terminal differentiation, and activation. G-CSF synthesis occurs in monocyte, macrophage, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells after activation by bacterial endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), or interleukin 17 (IL-17).

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The functional activity of G-CSF is mediated through the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) to activate JAK/STAT and MAPK signal transduction pathways. G-CSF also promotes neurogenesis and inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Human and mouse G-CSF proteins are cross-reactive.