2860 Results for: "Tonbo Biosciences"

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Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG (H&L) - Affinity Pure, FITC Conjugate, min x w/human serum proteins

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Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H&L) - Affinity Pure, Biotin Conjugate, min x w/bovine, human, or mouse IgG

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Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H&L), F(ab')2 Fragment - Affinity Pure, FITC Conjugate, min x w/ bovine, human, or mouse IgG or serum proteins

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The 2.4G2 antibody is specific for a common epitope found in the extracellular regions of mouse Fc-receptors Fc-gamma II (CD32) and Fc-gamma III (CD16). These receptors are expressed by B cells, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

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The 30-H12 antibody reacts with mouse CD90.2 (Thy1.2). CD90.2 is a strain-specific allelic form of the GPI-linked membrane associated protein CD90 and is involved in adhesion and signal transduction. CD90.2 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells and neurons in mouse strains that express the CD90.2 allele (BALB/c, CBA, C3H, C57BL/6, SJL and others). 30-H12 does not react with the CD90.1 allele expressed in mouse strains such as PL and AKR.

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The GK1.5 antibody reacts with mouse CD4, a 55 kDa protein which acts as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR) in its interaction with MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. The extracellular domain of CD4 binds to the beta-2 domain of MHC Class II, while its cytoplasmic tail provides a binding site for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating the signaling cascade that initiates T cell activation. CD4 is typically expressed on thymocytes, certain mature T cell populations such as Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells, as well as on dendritic cells. The GK1.5 antibody is widely used as a phenotypic marker for CD4 expression. If used together, the GK1.5 antibody and an alternative antibody, Anti-Mouse CD4 clone RM4-5, will "compete" for binding, i.e. RM4-5 is able to block GK1.5 binding to cells. In contrast, the Anti-Mouse CD4 clone RM4-4 does not block binding of the GK1.5 antibody to cells (Arora S et al. 2006. Infect. Immun. 74: 4339-4348). The GK1.5 antibody is also reported to be cross-reactive with Syrian hamster CD4.

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The O323 antibody reacts with human CD27 (TNFRSF7), a cell surface homodimer of 55 kDa subunits, which provides co-stimulatory signaling in support of the T cell (TCR) and B cell (BCR) receptors. By comparison with CD28, whose TCR co-stimulatory signal can trigger cell proliferation, CD27 signaling appears to promote cell survival and differentiation to effector / memory stages. Also in contrast with CD28, the CD27 receptor may be shed following interaction with its ligand CD70, which is typically expressed on activated dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. With respect to B cells, CD27 is considered to be a phenotypic marker for memory B cells. CD27 has been included within a group of phenotypic markers for identifying human B regulatory cells (Bregs), a cell type proposed to regulate CD4+ T cell proliferation and Foxp3 / CTLA-4 expression in Treg cells.

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The GK1.5 antibody reacts with mouse CD4, a 55 kDa protein which acts as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR) in its interaction with MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. The extracellular domain of CD4 binds to the beta-2 domain of MHC Class II, while its cytoplasmic tail provides a binding site for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating the signaling cascade that initiates T cell activation. CD4 is typically expressed on thymocytes, certain mature T cell populations such as Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells, as well as on dendritic cells

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The MAR-1 antibody reacts with the Fc epsilon Receptor I alpha chain (FceRIa), a transmembrane protein member of the Ig superfamily. This chain, together with a beta chain and two gamma chains form a tetrameric complex that supports IgE-mediated signaling and subsequent release of chemical mediators of allergy and immediate hypersensitivity. FceR1a is upregulated in the presence of IgE on those cell types which express it, such as Mast cells and Basophils.

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The TER-119 antibody is named for the antigen to which it binds, a 52 kDa surface protein that is associated with glycophorin-A. TER-119 is considered to be a lineage marker for later stages of erythroid cell development, as its expression begins at the pro-erythroblast stage. TER-119 antigen is not expressed at either BFU-E or CFU-E stages, i.e. prior to the pro-erythroblast stage.

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The 53-6.7 antibody reacts with the 32-34 kDa alpha subunit of mouse CD8, known as CD8a or CD8 alpha. CD8a can form a homodimer (CD8 alpha-alpha), but is more commonly expressed as a heterodimer with a second chain known as CD8b or CD8 beta. CD8 acts as a co-receptor in antigen recognition and subsequent T cell activation that is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to antigen-bearing MHC Class I molecules. The cytoplasmic domains of CD8 provide binding sites for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating intracellular signaling events that lead to T cell activation, development, and cytotoxic effector functions. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) play an important role in inducing cell death of tumor cells, as well as cells infected by virus, bacteria or parasites.

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The 2.4G2 antibody is specific for a common epitope found in the extracellular regions of mouse Fc-receptors Fc-gamma II (CD32) and Fc-gamma III (CD16). As these are receptors for the Fc portion of mouse IgG, they may also bind laboratory antibody preparations and products used in a variety of cell analysis protocols such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and functional cell assays. The 2.4G2 antibody is therefore widely used as a pre-treatment reagent to block binding of specific antibodies of interest, e.g. fluorescently conjugated antibodies, to Fc receptors via their Fc domains and contributing to “non-specific” staining.

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The HRPN immunoglobulin is useful as an isotype-matched control. The HRPN immunolglobulin has an unknown binding specificity and is used as an isotype control for rat IgG1 antibodies.

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The 1D3 antibody reacts with mouse CD19, a 95 kDa glycoprotein which acts as a co-receptor, along with CD21 and CD81, in support of the functional B cell receptor (BCR). This complex provides antigen-specific recognition and subsequent activation of B cells to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (plasma cells) or memory B cells, which are crucial for secondary antigen encounter. CD19 is a lineage-differentiation marker, as its expression is detectable at the earliest B cell stages, through development, and is finally lost upon transition to mature plasma cells.

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The A7R34 antibody is specific for mouse CD127, a 60-90 kDa cell surface protein also known as the Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha chain, or IL-7R alpha. CD127 is typically expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimer with the common gamma chain (CD132). This complex acts as the functional receptor for IL-7, a cytokine important in T and B cell development, and in mature T cell homeostasis. A second cytokine known as Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) also binds to a receptor complex of CD127 and the TSLPR chain to trigger activation of dendritic cells, and is involved in B cell development, allergy and autoimmunity.

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The 30-F11 antibody reacts with mouse CD45, which is one of the most abundant hematopoietic markers and is expressed on all leukocytes (the Leukocyte Common Antigen, LCA). CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase existing in several isoforms, each being generated and expressed in cell-specific patterns. With its broad cell distribution, CD45 is critical for many leukocyte functions, regulating signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and IL-2 receptor. Other forms of CD45, with restricted cellular expression, include CD45R (B220), CD45RA, CD45RB and CD45RO.

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The M1/70 antibody reacts with human and mouse CD11b, also known as integrin alpha M. This 165-170 kDa cell surface glycoprotein is part of a family of integrin receptors that mediate adhesion between cells (cell-cell) and components of the extracellular matrix, e.g. fibrinogen (cell-matrix). In addition, integrins are active signaling receptors which recruit leukocytes to inflammatory sites and promote cell activation. Complete, functional integrin receptors consist of distinct combinations of integrin chains which are differentially expressed. Integrin alpha M (CD11b) assembles with Integrin beta-2 (CD18) into a receptor known as Macrophage Antigen-1 (Mac-1) or complement receptor type 3 (CR3). This receptor binds and induces intracellular signaling through ICAM-1 on endothelial cells and can also facilitate removal of iC3b bearing foreign cells.

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The XMG1.2 antibody is specific for mouse Interferon-gamma (IFN-g), a 20 kDa type II cytokine known for its central roles in protection against bacterial or viral pathogens and for its anti-tumor properties. IFN-g is secreted by several types of immune cells, which allow the cytokine to modulate innate immunity, when secreted by NK and NKT cells, and to function in supporting adaptive immunity when secreted by Th1 and CD8+ T cells (CTLs).

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The 53-6.7 antibody reacts with the 32-34 kDa alpha subunit of mouse CD8, known as CD8a or CD8 alpha. CD8a can form a homodimer (CD8 alpha-alpha), but is more commonly expressed as a heterodimer with a second chain known as CD8b or CD8 beta. CD8 acts as a co-receptor in antigen recognition and subsequent T cell activation that is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to antigen-bearing MHC Class I molecules. The cytoplasmic domains of CD8 provide binding sites for the tyrosine kinase lck, facilitating intracellular signaling events that lead to T cell activation, development, and cytotoxic effector functions. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) play an important role in inducing cell death of tumor cells, as well as cells infected by virus, bacteria or parasites.

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The 16-10A1 antibody reacts with mouse CD80, also known as B7-1, a 55 kDa type I transmembrane protein ligand for CD152 (CTLA-4) and for CD28, a co-stimulatory receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). CD28 also binds a second B7 ligand known as CD86 (B7-2). Both CD80 and CD86 are expressed on activated B cells and antigen-presenting cells. These ligands trigger CD28 signaling in concert with TCR activation to drive T cell proliferation, induce high-level expression of IL-2, impart resistance to apoptosis, and enhance T cell cytotoxicity. The interaction / co-stimulatory signaling between the B7 ligands and CD28 or CTLA-4 provides crucial communication between T cells and B cells or APCs to coordinate the adaptive immune response.

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The A20 antibody reacts with mouse CD45.1, also known as Ly5.1, which is a strain-specific allelic form of the CD45 Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA). Functionally, CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase whose broad cell distribution supports a critical role in many leukocyte functions, including regulation of signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell and B cell receptors.

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The CD28.2 antibody reacts with human CD28, a 44 kDa type I surface glycoprotein which acts as a co-stimulatory receptor in support of the T cell receptor (TCR). CD28 exists as a homodimer with specificity for two known ligands, known as B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), which are expressed on activated B cells and antigen-presenting cells. These ligands trigger CD28 signaling in concert with TCR activation to drive T cell proliferation, induce high-level expression of IL-2, impart resistance to apoptosis, and enhance T cell cytotoxicity. The interaction / co-stimulatory signaling between the B7 ligands and CD28 provides crucial communication between T cells and B cells or APCs to coordinate the adaptive immune response. Other members of the CD28 family of receptors include CTLA-4 (CD152), PD-1 (CD279), ICOS and BTLA.

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The A7R34 antibody is specific for mouse CD127, a 60-90 kDa cell surface protein also known as the Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha chain, or IL-7R alpha. CD127 is typically expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimer with the common gamma chain (CD132). This complex acts as the functional receptor for IL-7, a cytokine important in T and B cell development, and in mature T cell homeostasis. A second cytokine known as Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) also binds to a receptor complex of CD127 and the TSLPR chain to trigger activation of dendritic cells, and is involved in B cell development, allergy and autoimmunity.

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The MAR-1 antibody reacts with the Fc epsilon Receptor I alpha chain (FceRIa), a transmembrane protein member of the Ig superfamily. This chain, together with a beta chain and two gamma chains form a tetrameric complex that supports IgE-mediated signaling and subsequent release of chemical mediators of allergy and immediate hypersensitivity. FceR1a is upregulated in the presence of IgE on those cell types which express it, such as Mast cells and Basophils.

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The LTF-2 immunoglobulin is useful as an isotype-matched control. The LTF-2 immunolglobulin has an unknown binding specificity and is used as an isotype control for rat IgG2b antibodies.

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The A7R34 antibody is specific for mouse CD127, a 60-90 kDa cell surface protein also known as the Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha chain, or IL-7R alpha. CD127 is typically expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimer with the common gamma chain (CD132). This complex acts as the functional receptor for IL-7, a cytokine important in T and B cell development, and in mature T cell homeostasis. A second cytokine known as Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) also binds to a receptor complex of CD127 and the TSLPR chain to trigger activation of dendritic cells, and is involved in B cell development, allergy and autoimmunity.

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The HI30 antibody reacts with human CD45, one of the most abundant hematopoietic markers and one that is expressed on all leukocytes (the Leukocyte Common Antigen, LCA). CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase existing in several isoforms, each being generated and expressed in cell-specific patterns. With its broad cell distribution, CD45 is critical for many leukocyte functions, regulating signal transduction and cell activation associated with the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and IL-2 receptor. Other forms of CD45, with restricted cellular expression, include CD45R (B220), CD45RA, CD45RB, CD45RO and others.

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The 2F1 antibody reacts with mouse KLRG1 (Killer cell Lectin-like Receptor G1). This 30-38 kDa homodimeric receptor may be expressed by activated, mature NK cells and by effector/memory T cells, with potentially different roles in each cell type. KLRG1 can regulate, in an inhibitory fashion, the development and effector functions of NK cells, and is often cited as a senescence or terminal differentiation marker for T cells. Ligands for KLRG1 include members of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules, specifically N-Cadherin, E-Cadherin, and R-Cadherin. These interactions may induce bidirectional, immunosuppressive signaling in both KLRG- and Cadherin-expressing cells. A more recently identified role for KLRG1-Cadherin signaling in tissue organization, e.g. in cardiac angiogenesis, expands the function of these interactions beyond immunosuppression of immune cells. (Bouchentouf et al. 2010. J. Immunol. 185: 7014-7025).

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The 2F1 antibody reacts with mouse KLRG1 (Killer cell Lectin-like Receptor G1). This 30-38 kDa homodimeric receptor may be expressed by activated, mature NK cells and by effector/memory T cells, with potentially different roles in each cell type. KLRG1 can regulate, in an inhibitory fashion, the development and effector functions of NK cells, and is often cited as a senescence or terminal differentiation marker for T cells. Ligands for KLRG1 include members of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules, specifically N-Cadherin, E-Cadherin, and R-Cadherin. These interactions may induce bidirectional, immunosuppressive signaling in both KLRG- and Cadherin-expressing cells. A more recently identified role for KLRG1-Cadherin signaling in tissue organization, e.g. in cardiac angiogenesis, expands the function of these interactions beyond immunosuppression of immune cells. (Bouchentouf et al. 2010. J. Immunol. 185: 7014-7025).

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The IM7 antibody recognizes CD44, a ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptor which is important for extracellular matrix organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and migration. CD44 may be expressed in a number of different isoforms (splice variants) from the most typical or “standard” form, known as CD44s, to variants designated CD44v, e.g. CD44v1 or CD44v6. These receptors interact with several ligands, but most often associate with an extracellular matrix component hyaluronate, through which it mediates adhesion.