54781 Results for: "Ruthenium(III)+chloride+oxide&pageNo=48"

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Plectin interlinks intermediate filaments with microtubules and microfilaments and anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomes or hemidesmosomes. Could also bind muscle proteins such as actin to membrane complexes in muscle. May be involved not only in the crosslinking and stabilization of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments network, but also in the regulation of their dynamics.

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DQX1 (DEAQ box RNA-dependent ATPase 1), also known as FLJ23757, is a 71 amino acid protein that contains one helicase ATP-binding domain and one helicase C-terminal domain. Localized to the nucleus, DQX1 catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP and a phosphate. Expressed as three isoforms produced by alternative splicing events, DQX1 is encoded by a gene that maps to human chomosome 2. As the second largest human chromosome, chromosome 2 makes up approximately 8% of the human genome and contains 237 million bases encoding over 1,400 genes. A number of genetic diseases are linked to genes on chromosome 2, including Harlequin icthyosis, sitosterolemia and Alstré°‰ syndrome.

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Making up nearly 6% of the human genome, chromosome 6 contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda is associated with chromosome 6 through the HFE gene which, when mutated, predisposes an individual to developing this porphyria. Notably, the PARK2 gene, which is associated with Parkinson's disease, and the genes encoding the major histocompatiblity complex proteins, which are key molecular components of the immune system and determine predisposition to rheumatic diseases, are also located on chromosome 6. Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6. A bipolar disorder susceptibility locus has been identified on the q arm of chromosome 6. The C6orf192 gene product has been provisionally designated C6orf192 pending further characterization.

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This gene is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). The encoded protein is a key signaling molecule in the selection and maturation of developing T-cells. It contains N-terminal sites for myristylation and palmitylation, a PTK domain, and SH2 and SH3 domains which are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. The protein localizes to the plasma membrane and pericentrosomal vesicles, and binds to cell surface receptors, including CD4 and CD8, and other signaling molecules. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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F box proteins are an expanding family of eukaryotic proteins characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F box. Some F box proteins have been shown to be critical for the ubiquitin mediated degradation of cellular regulatory proteins. In fact, F box proteins are one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligases, called SCFs. SCF ligases bring ubiquitin conjugating enzymes to substrates that are specifically recruited by the different F box proteins. A large family of mammalian F box proteins has recently been identified and classified into three groups based on the presence of either the WD 40 repeats, the leucine rich repeats, or the presence or absence of other protein protein interacting domains. The FBXW2 gene product, the second identified member of the F box gene family, contains multiple WD 40 repeats.

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GNB2 belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

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C17orf49 is a 172 amino acid protein that is encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 17. Chromosome 17 makes up over 2.5% of the human genome with about 81 million bases encoding over 1,200 genes. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Tumor suppressor p53 is necessary for maintenance of cellular genetic integrity by moderating cell fate through DNA repair versus cell death. Malfunction or loss of p53 expression is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Like p53, BRCA1 is directly involved in DNA repair, specifically it is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer and predisposition to cancers of the ovary, colon, prostate gland and fallopian tubes. Chromosome 17 is also linked to neurofibromatosis, a condition characterized by neural and epidermal lesions, and dysregulated Schwann cell growth. Alexander disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and Canavan disease are also associated with chromosome 17.

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E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. This protein inhibits TGF-beta signaling by triggering SMAD2 and TGFR1 ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, it promotes ubiquitination and internalization of various plasma membrane channels such as ENaC, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.5, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Kv1.3, EAAT1 or CLC5, and promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of SGK.

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Functions as a transactivator of PPARG and ESR1. Functions in adipogenesis through PPARG activation.

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The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signals of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, morphogenesis, development and immune responses. In response to BMP ligands, this protein can be phosphorylated and activated by the BMP receptor kinase. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1 and SMURF2, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed. [provided by RefSeq].

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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility.

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GPM6B belongs to the myelin proteolipid protein family and is implicated in neural development. It is expressed in neurons and glia; cerebellar Bergmann glia, in glia within white matter tracts of the cerebellum and cerebrum, and in embryonic dorsal root ganglia.

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C6orf151.

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Fyn is a membrane-associated, non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase approximately 59kDa, which belongs to the Src family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Fyn is very strongly similar to mouse Fyn, v-yes and c-src. Fyn is expressed predominately in tissues of neuronal and hematopoietic origin. Neuronal Fyn and hematopoietic Fyn differ at the junction of the SH2 and kinase domains due to tissue specific alternative splicing. Fyn has been shown to be involved in B cell and T cell activation as well as keratinocyte differentiation. In T cells, Fyn associates with the T-cell antigen receptor and Thy1.The unique N terminal domain of Fyn interacts with the CD3 and eta chains of the TcR. Fyn can bind to other proteins (p82 and p116) through its SH2 and SH3 domains, which may act as substrates or regulators of Fyn activity. Fyn is highly expressed in brain suggesting that it may have a role in the sensory nervous network and in myelination at early stages of CNS formation.

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The three dimensional structure of many extracellular proteins is stabilized by the formation of disulphide bonds. Studies suggest that a microsomal enzyme known as Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI) is involved in disulphide-bond formation and isomerization, as well as the reduction of disulphide bonds in proteins. PDI, which catalyses disulphide interchange between thiols and protein dilsulphides, has also been referred to as thiol:protein-disulphide oxidoreductase and as glutathione:insulin transhydrogenase because of its role in reduction of disulphide bonds. The highly conserved sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) is present at the carboxy-terminus of PDI and other soluble endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins including the 78 and 94 kDa glucose regulated proteins (GRP78 and GRP94 respectively). The presence of carboxy-terminal KDEL appears to be necessary for ER retention and appears to be sufficient to reduce the secretion of proteins from the ER. This retention is reported to be mediated by a KDEL receptor.

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TID1 is a human homolog of the Drosophila tumor suppressor lethal tumerous imaginal discs and encodes two mitochondrial matrix localized splice variants of human Tid1 designated hTid1S and hTid1L. These proteins are the conserved members of the DnaJ family of proteins which act as cochaperons for mitochondrial Hsp70. They contain a conserved tetrahedrical J domain which binds to Hsp70 chaperones and activates their ATPase activity. Expression of hTid1L increases apoptosis induced by DNA damaging agents as mitomycin C and TNF alpha. A J domain mutant of hTid1L can dominantly suppress apoptosis and in sharp contrast the J domain mutant of hTid1S increases apoptosis. Expression of hTid1S and hTid1L affects cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and caspase 3 activation, while activation of caspase 8 is unaffected. It is strongly suggested that these two splice variants exert their anti and pro apoptotic effects through discrete substrates and activities. Hence the relative abundance of these proteins or their substrates may allow the mitochondria to dampen or enhance the apoptotic signals.

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Chromosome 9 consists of about 145 million bases and 4% of the human genome and encodes nearly 900 genes. Considered to play a role in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p can lead to development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X,Y genotype. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterised by harmful vascular defects, is associated with the chromosome 9 gene encoding endoglin protein, ENG. Familial dysautonomia is also associated with chromosome 9 though through the gene IKBKAP. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster. Chromosome 9 is partnered with chromosome 22 in the translocation leading to the aberrant production of BCR-ABL fusion protein often found in leukemias. The C9orf57 gene product has been provisionally designated C9orf57 pending further characterisation.

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DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Exhibits potent antiviral activity against vif-deficient HIV-1. After the penetration of retroviral nucleocapsids into target cells of infection and the initiation of reverse transcription, it can induce the conversion of cytosine to uracil in the minus-sense single-strand viral DNA, leading to G-to-A hypermutations in the subsequent plus-strand viral DNA. The resultant detrimental levels of mutations in the proviral genome, along with a deamination-independent mechanism that works prior to the proviral integration, together exert efficient antiretroviral effects in infected target cells. Selectively targets single-stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single-or double-stranded RNA. Exhibits antiviral activity also against simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), xenotropic MuLV-related virus (XMRV) and simian foamy virus (SFV). May inhibit the mobility of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons.

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C4orf29 (chromosome 4 open reading frame 29) is a 414 amino acid secreted protein that exists as four alternatively spliced isoforms and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 4. Human chromosome 4 represents approximately 6% of the human genome and contains nearly 900 genes. Notably, the Huntingtin gene, which is found to encode an expanded glutamine tract in cases of Huntington's disease, is located on chromosome 4. FGFR-3 is also encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 4 and has been associated with thanatophoric dwarfism, achondroplasia, Muenke syndrome and bladder cancer. Chromosome 4 is also tied to Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, methylmalonic acidemia and polycystic kidney disease.

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CSAD is a 493 amino acid protein that exists as a homodimer and belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. CSAD catalyzes the conversion of 3-sulfino-L-alanine to hypotaurine and carbon dioxide, binds pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor and undergoes alternative splicing to produce three isoforms. The gene encoding CSAD maps to human chromosome 12, which encodes over 1,100 genes and comprises approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.

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Senses unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum via its N-terminal domain which leads to enzyme auto-activation. The active endoribonuclease domain splices XBP1 mRNA to generate a new C-terminus, converting it into a potent unfolded-protein response transcriptional activator and triggering growth arrest and apoptosis.

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Inhibitory receptor which may contribute to the down-regulation of cytolytic activity in natural killer (NK) cells, and to the down-regulation of mast cell degranulation.

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C16orf48

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Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosome, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcription regulation, insulin signaling and endothelial cells proliferation. Plays a key role in B-cell activation by regulating BCR-induced NF-kappa-B activation. Mediates the activation of the canonical NF-kappa-B pathway (NFKB1) by direct phosphorylation of CARD11/CARMA1 at 'Ser-559', 'Ser-644' and 'Ser-652'. Phosphorylation induces CARD11/CARMA1 association with lipid rafts and recruitment of the BCL10-MALT1 complex as well as MAP3K7/TAK1, which then activates IKK complex, resulting in nuclear translocation and activation of NFKB1. Plays a direct role in the negative feedback regulation of the BCR signaling, by down-modulating BTK function via direct phosphorylation of BTK at 'Ser-180', which results in the alteration of BTK plasma membrane localization and in turn inhibition of BTK activity. Involved in apoptosis following oxidative damage: in case of oxidative conditions, specifically phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of isoform p66Shc of SHC1, leading to mitochondrial accumulation of p66Shc, where p66Shc acts as a reactive oxygen species producer. Acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Thr-6' of histone H3 (H3T6ph), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. In insulin signaling, may function downstream of IRS1 in muscle cells and mediate insulin-dependent DNA synthesis through the RAF1-MAPK/ERK signaling cascade. May participate in the regulation of glucose transport in adipocytes by negatively modulating the insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4.

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Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This protein is a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved protein kinase complex known as M-phase promoting factor (MPF), which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. Mitotic cyclins stably associate with this protein and function as regulatory subunits. The kinase activity of this protein is controlled by cyclin accumulation and destruction through the cell cycle. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of this protein also play important regulatory roles in cell cycle control. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq].

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BXDC2 is a 306 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene BXDC2. BXDC2 is a nuclear protein that contains one Brix domain. Brix domain containing proteins represent a family of proteins involved in the biogenesis of large ribosomal subunits. The Brix domain is a region that is homologous to the yeast protein Pitx1 (Ribosome biogenesis protein BRX1). Pitx1 is part of a complex that includes BXDC5, BXDC1 and PPAN. This complex is required for the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. BXDC2 exhibits the same functions as Pitx1.

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Acts downstream of various receptor and cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases to participate in the signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Dephosphorylates ROCK2 at Tyr-722 resulting in stimulatation of its RhoA binding activity.

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Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. May play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Seems to be coupled to the G(i)/G(o) and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteins.

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This protein belongs to a G protein coupled heptahelical receptor subfamily named Endothelial Cell Differentiation Genes (EDG)that act as receptors for biologically active lysophospholipids. This group consists of two receptor subgroups specific for S1P and LPA respectively. EDG6 is the receptor for lysophospholipid sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P). S1P elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues. EDG6 may be involved in cell migration processes that are specific for lymphocytes.