54829 Results for: "Kwas+6-aminopikolinowy&pageNo=48"

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Galactosidase alpha is involved in the hydrolysis of terminal, non reducing alpha D galactose residues in alpha D galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactohydrolase. Defects in GLA are the cause of Fabry's disease (FD). FD is a rare X-linked sphingolipidosis disease where glycolipid accumulates in many tissues. Clinical recognition in males results from characteristic skin lesions (angiokeratomas) over the lower trunk. Patients may show ocular deposits, febrile episodes, and burning pain in the extremities. Death results from renal failure, cardiac or cerebral complications of hypertension or other vascular disease. Heterozygous females may exhibit the disorder in an attenuated form, they are more likely to show corneal opacities.

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Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are responsible for several insulin related activities, such as glucose homeostasis, cell growth, cell transformation, apoptosis and insulin signal transduction. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS1 has been demonstrated to be a negative regulator of insulin signaling and is responsible for its degradation, although IRS1 degradation pathways are not well understood. IRS1 has also been shown to be constitutively activated in cancers such as breast cancer, Wilm's tumors, and adrenal cortical carcinomas, thus making IRS1 phosphorylation and subsequent degradation an attractive therapeutic target. To date there have been four subtypes identified: IRS1, 2, 3 and 4, with IRS1 being widely expressed.

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SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 1-3 (Shank1-3) of the Shank/ProSAP family are molecular scaffolds in the postsynaptic density (PSD). The PSD is an electron-dense structure underneath the postsynaptic plasma membrane of excitatory synapses that anchors and clusters glutamate receptors opposite to the presynaptic neurotransmitter release site. Shank proteins contain PDZ modular domains that coordinate the synaptic localization of ion channels, receptors, signaling enzymes, and cell adhesion molecules. The PDZ domain mediates protein-protein interactions via the recognition of a conserved sequence motif at the C-terminus of their target protein(s). Shank recruits betaPIX and PAK to spines to regulate postsynaptic structure and interacts with NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor complexes. Transcript splice variation in the Shank family influences the spectrum of Shank-interacting proteins in the PSDs of adult and developing brain to ensure normal development.

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C9orf163 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 163) is a 203 amino acid protein encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 9q34.3. Chromosome 9 consists of about 145 million bases, represents 4% of the human genome and encodes nearly 900 genes. Thought to play a role in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p can lead to development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X,Y genotype. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterised by harmful vascular defects, is associated with the chromosome 9 gene encoding endoglin protein, ENG. Familial dysautonomia is also associated with chromosome 9 though through the gene IKBKAP. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster. Chromosome 9 is partnered with chromosome 22 in the translocation leading to the aberrant production of BCR-ABL fusion protein often found in leukemias.

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Atypical homeodomain protein which does not bind DNA and is required to modulate cardiac growth and development. Acts via its interaction with SRF, thereby modulating the expression of SRF-dependent cardiac-specific genes and cardiac development. Prevents SRF-dependent transcription either by inhibiting SRF binding to DNA or by recruiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins that prevent transcription by SRF. Overexpression causes cardiac hypertrophy (By similarity). May act as a tumor suppressor.

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The PDGF Receptor Type A (Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor precursor, CD140a antigen), a 170kD protein, binds all three isoforms of PDGF with high affinity whereas the PDGF Receptor Type B, a 190kD protein, appears to bind only the PDGF BB homodimer with high affinity. Both receptors are transmembranous, ligand activated protein tyrosine kinases, which phosphorylate a number of important signal transduction proteins, which are bound with differential affinities via SH2 domains. The response of any given cell to PDGF will depend on the types of receptors displayed on the surface and isoforms of PDGF present in the extracellular environment.

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N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate-gated ion channels. These receptors have been shown to be involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. NMDA receptor channels are heteromers composed of the key receptor subunit NMDAR1 (GRIN1) and 1 or more of the 4 NMDAR2 subunits: NMDAR2A (GRIN2A), NMDAR2B (GRIN2B), NMDAR2C (GRIN2C) and NMDAR2D (GRIN2D). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

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Transcriptional repressor that modulates both activator-dependent and basal transcription. Involved in the generation and migration of neural crest cells. Plays a role in mediating RAF1-induced transcriptional repression of the TJ protein, occludin (OCLN) and subsequent oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells (By similarity). Represses BRCA2 expression by binding to its E2-box-containing silencer and recruiting CTBP1 and HDAC1 in breast cells. In epidermal keratinocytes, binds to the E-box in ITGA3 promoter and represses its transcription. Involved in the regulation of ITGB1 and ITGB4 expression and cell adhesion and proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes. Binds to E-box2 domain of BSG and activates its expression during TGFB1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocytes. Represses E-Cadherin/CDH1 transcription via E-box elements. Involved in osteoblast maturation. Binds to RUNX2 and SOC9 promoters and may act as a positive and negative transcription regulator, respectively, in osteoblasts. Binds to CXCL12 promoter via E-box regions in mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts. Plays an essential role in TWIST1-induced EMT and its ability to promote invasion and metastasis.

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Gluconolactonase with low activity towards other sugar lactones, including gulonolactone and galactonolactone. Can also hydrolyze diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and phenylacetate (in vitro). Calcium-binding protein. Modulates Ca(2+) signaling, and Ca(2+)-dependent cellular processes and enzyme activities (By similarity).

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts downstream of mTOR signaling in response to growth factors and nutrients to promote cell proliferation, cell growth and cell cycle progression. Regulates protein synthesis through phosphorylation of EIF4B, RPS6 and EEF2K, and contributes to cell survival by repressing the pro-apoptotic function of BAD. Under conditions of nutrient depletion, the inactive form associates with the EIF3 translation initiation complex. Upon mitogenic stimulation, phosphorylation by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) leads to dissociation from the EIF3 complex and activation. The active form then phosphorylates and activates several substrates in the pre-initiation complex, including the EIF2B complex and the cap-binding complex component EIF4B. Also controls translation initiation by phosphorylating a negative regulator of EIF4A, PDCD4, targeting it for ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis. Promotes initiation of the pioneer round of protein synthesis by phosphorylating POLDIP3/SKAR. In response to IGF1, activates translation elongation by phosphorylating EEF2 kinase (EEF2K), which leads to its inhibition and thus activation of EEF2. Also plays a role in feedback regulation of mTORC2 by mTORC1 by phosphorylating RICTOR, resulting in the inhibition of mTORC2 and AKT1 signaling. Mediates cell survival by phosphorylating the pro-apoptotic protein BAD and suppressing its pro-apoptotic function. Phosphorylates mitochondrial URI1 leading to dissociation of a URI1-PPP1CC complex. The free mitochondrial PPP1CC can then dephosphorylate RPS6KB1 at Thr-412, which is proposed to be a negative feedback mechanism for the RPS6KB1 anti-apoptotic function. Mediates TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance by phosphorylating IRS1 at multiple serine residues, resulting in accelerated degradation of IRS1. May be involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement through binding to neurabin.

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The protein encoded by this gene can polymerize and depolymerize F-actin and G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. Increased phosphorylation of this protein by LIM kinase aids in Rho-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Cofilin is a widely distributed intracellular actin-modulating protein that binds and depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. It is involved in the translocation of actin-cofilin complex from cytoplasm to nucleus.

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he female gamete, the oocyte, serves the distinct purpose of transmitting the maternal genome and other maternal factors critical for postovulation events. Oocytes have diverse functions in ovarian folliculogenesis, fertilization, and embryogenesis. ZAR1 is an oocyte-specific gene that appears to function at the oocyte-to-gamete transition

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Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system (By similarity). A second ligand, the heditary hemochromatosis protein HFE, competes for binding with transferrin for an overlapping C-terminal binding site.

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C5orf24 is a With 181 million base pairs encoding around 1,000 genes, chromosome 5 is about 6% of human genomic DNA. It is associated with Cockayne syndrome through the ERCC8 gene and familial adenomatous polyposis through the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene. Treacher Collins syndrome is also chromosome 5 associated and is caused by insertions or deletions within the TCOF1 gene. Deletion of the p arm of chromosome 5 leads to Cri du chat syndrome. Deletion of 5q or chromosome 5 altogether is common in therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome. The C5orf24 gene product has been provisionally designated C5orf24 pending further characterization.

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Eph receptor A2 is the receptor for members of the ephrin-A family. It binds to ephrin-A1, -A3, -A4 and -A5. Eph receptor A3 is also a receptor for members of the ephrin-A family. It binds to ephrin-A2, -A3, -A4 and -A5 and is thought to play a role in lymphoid function. Eph receptor A4 is a receptor for members of the ephrin-A family. It binds to ephrin-A1, -A4 and -A5. It binds more poorly to ephrin-A2 and -A3. It may play a role in a signal transduction process involved in hindbrain pattern formation.

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Mammaglobin B may bind androgens and other steroids, it may also bind estramustine, a chemotherapeutic agent used for prostate cancer. It may be under transcriptional regulation of steroid hormones.

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CLN6, a 311 amino acid protein, has seven predicted transmembrane domains and is conserved across vertebrates. The CLN6 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum but contributes to lysosomal function. Mutations in the CLN6 gene cause variant late-onset infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (vLINCL), a lysosomal storage disorder marked by progressive mental deterioration and blindness; part of a group of severe inherited neurodegenerative disorders affecting children wherein lysosomes accumulate storage material, causing the death of neurons. CLN6 is one of eight proteins, including CLN1-8, that are associated with NCL.

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Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from a phosphate donor, generally the g phosphate of ATP, onto an acceptor amino acid in a substrate protein. By this basic mechanism, protein kinases mediate most of the signal transduction in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, and differentiation. With more than 500 gene products, the protein kinase family is one of the largest families of proteins in eukaryotes. The family has been classified in 8 major groups based on sequence comparison of their tyrosine (PTK) or serine/threonine (STK) kinase catalytic domains.

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GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family. May serve as a scaffold to bring together molecules to form signaling modules controlling vesicle trafficking, adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Increases the speed of cell migration, as well as the size and rate of formation of protrusions, possibly by targeting PAK1 to adhesions and the leading edge of lamellipodia. Sequesters inactive non-tyrosine-phosphorylated paxillin in cytoplasmic complexes. Involved in the regulation of cytokinesis; the function may involve SDCCAG3 and PTPN13 (By similarity).

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Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. SMA is caused by deletion or loss-of-function mutations of SMN (survival of motor neuron) gene. SMN, also known as Gemin1, SMN1, SMNT and BCD541, exists as four isoforms produced by alternative splicing. SMN is oligomeric and forms a complex with Gemin2 (formerly SIP1), Gemin3 (a DEAD box RNA helicase), Gemin4, Gemin5 and Gemin6, as well as several spliceosomal snRNP proteins. The SMN complex plays an essential role in splicesomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and is required for pre-mRNA splicing of the nucleus. The SMN complex is found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The nuclear form is concentrated in subnuclear bodies called gems (gemini of the coiled bodies). Cytoplasmic SMN interacts with spliceosomal Sm proteins and facilitates their assembly onto U snRNAs, and nuclear SMN mediates recycling of pre-mRNA splicing factors. Nearly identical telomeric and centromeric forms of SMN encode the same protein; however, only mutations in the telomeric form are associated with the disease-state SMA. SMN is expresed in a wide variety of tissues including brain, kidney, liver, spinal cord and moderately in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

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Phosphatase that has a high activity toward phosphoethanolamine (PEA) and phosphocholine (PCho). Involved in the generation of inorganic phosphate for bone mineralization.

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Acyl-CoA thioesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to the free fatty acid and coenzyme A (CoASH), providing the potential to regulate intracellular levels of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. Acyl-coenzyme A Thioesterase 8, also known as ACOT8 may mediate Nef-induced down-regulation of CD4. It is a major thioesterase in peroxisomes and competes with BAAT (Bile acid CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase) for bile acid-CoA substrate (such as chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA). It shows a preference for medium-length fatty acyl-CoAs and may be involved in the metabolic regulation of peroxisome proliferation.

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Wolfram syndrome protein (WFS1) is an 890 amino acid protein that contains a cytoplasmic N-terminal domain, followed by nine-transmembrane domains and a luminal C-terminal domain. WFS1 is predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (1) and its expression is induced in response to ER stress, partially through transcriptional activation (2,3). Research studies have shown that mutations in the WFS1 gene lead to Wolfram syndrome, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder defined by young-onset, non-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy (4).

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GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.

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Rabphilin-3AL (rabphilin-3A-like), also known as RPH3AL or NOC2, is a cytoplasmic Rab GTPase effector. It contains one FYVE-type zinc finger and one Rab-binding (RBD) domain, but unlike its related protein, rabphilin-3A, rabphilin-3AL does not contain any C2 domains. Rabphilin-3AL is expressed in a variety of tissues, with highest levels found in kidney, skeletal muscle, pancreas, liver, ovary, stomach, heart and thyroid. It is believed to play a role regulating calcium-dependent secretory vesicle exocytosis in endocrine and exocrine cells. Via its RBD domain, rabphilin-3AL is capable of binding Rab 27a and, through this interaction, rabphilin-3AL is recruited to dense-core vesicles. With lower affinity, rabphilin-3AL can also bind Rab 3 and Rab 8 with its RBD domain. Through an interaction with Rab 3, rabphilin-3AL can inhibit G-protein signaling in endocrine pancreas and positively regulate insulin secretion. Rabphilin-3AL knockout mice display accumulation of secretory granules and irregular shape in exocrine cells.

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C9orf103 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 103), also known as gluconate kinase, is a 187 amino acid protein that belongs to the gluconokinase gntK/gntV family and catalyses the conversion of ATP and D-gluconate to ADP and 6-D-gluconate. Existing as three alternatively spliced isoforms, the gene encoding C9orf103 maps to human chromosome 9q21.32. Chromosome 9 consists of about 145 million bases, represents 4% of the human genome and encodes nearly 900 genes. Thought to play a role in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p can lead to development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X,Y genotype. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterised by harmful vascular defects, is associated with the chromosome 9 gene encoding endoglin protein, ENG. Familial dysautonomia is also associated with chromosome 9 though through the gene IKBKAP. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster.

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ATF2 is a member of the ATF/CREB family of basic region leucine zipper DNA binding proteins that regulates transcription by binding to a consensus cAMP response element (CRE) in the promoter of various viral and cellular genes. Many of these genes are important in cell growth and differentiation, and in stress and immune responses. ATF2 is a nuclear protein that binds DNA as a dimer and can form dimers with members of the ATF/CREB and Jun/Fos families. It is a stronger activator as a heterodimer with cJun than as a homodimer. Several isoforms of ATF2 arise by differential splicing. The stable native full length ATF2 is transcriptionally inactive as a result of an inhibitory direct intramolecular interaction of its carboxy terminal DNA binding domain with the amino terminal transactivation domain. Following dimerization ATF2 becomes a short lived protein that undergoes ubiquitination and proteolysis, seemingly in a protein phosphatase-dependent mechanism. Stimulation of the transcriptional activity of ATF2 occurs following cellular stress induced by several genotoxic agents, inflammatory cytokines, and UV irradiation. This activation requires phosphorylation of two threonine residues in ATF2 by both JNK/SAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase. ATF2 is abundantly expressed in brain.

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Kallikrein 11 has two alternative splicing isoforms, known as the brain type and prostate type. Elevated serum levels of hK11 have been found in 70% of women with ovarian cancer and in 60% of men with prostate cancer. Analysis of this biomarker in serum may aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian and prostatic carcinoma.

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Representing about 2% of human DNA, chromosome 20 consists of approximately 63 million bases and 600 genes. Chromosome 20 contains a region with numerous genes expressed in the epididymis, which are thought important for seminal production, and some viewed as potential targets for male contraception. The PRNP gene encoding the prion protein associated with spongiform encephalopathies, like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is found on chromosome 20. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, ring chromosome 20 epilepsy syndrome and Alagille syndrome are also associated with chromosome 20. The C20orf166 gene product has been provisionally designated C20orf166 pending further characterization.

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G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior. Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli.