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GCN1L1 is a 2,671 amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed and belongs to the GCN1 family. Functioning as a translation activator, GCN1L1 interacts with IMPACT to regulproteinate GCN2 kinase activity. GCN1L1 contains 24 HEAT repeats and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 12q24.23. Chromosome 12 encodes over 1,100 genes and comprises approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.

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Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation (By similarity).

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Phosphorylation-dependent transcription factor that stimulates transcription upon binding to the DNA cAMP response element (CRE), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Transcription activation is enhanced by the TORC coactivators which act independently of Ser-133 phosphorylation. Involved in different cellular processes including the synchronization of circadian rhythmicity and the differentiation of adipose cells.

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Neurobeachin binds to type II regulatory subunits of protein kinase A and anchors/targets them to the membrane. It may anchor the kinase to cytoskeletal and/or organelle-associated proteins. Neurobeachin, is also a neuron-specific multidomain protein of 327 kDa with a high-affinity binding site for the type II regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. Neurobeachin is peripherally associated with pleomorphic tubulovesicular endomembranes near the trans sides of Golgi stacks and throughout the cell body and cell processes. It is also found in a subpopulation of synapses, where it is concentrated at the postsynaptic plasma membrane.

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Filamins are Actin-binding proteins which contain an N-terminal Actin-binding domain, a membrane glycoprotein domain and a C-terminal self-association domain. Filamins help reshape the cytoskeleton by forming flexible cross-links between two Actin filaments, which maintain membrane integrity during force application. Filamins also participate in signal transduction pathways associated with cell motility, adhesion, differentiation and survival, and force transduction. The filamin family is comprised of Filamin 1, Filamin 2 and Filamin 3. Filamin 2, also designated Filamin C, is a skeletal- and cardiac-muscle specific form of Filamin, which binds ©-sarcoglycan and ∂-sarcoglycan, but not å-sarcoglycan or ∫-sarcoglycan. Muscular dystrophy, an inherited group of disorders resulting in progressive weakness of muscles in the body, is associated with irregular subcellular localization of Filamin 2 caused by a deficiency in KY, a protein that interacts with Filamin 2.

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GMEB-2 is a DNA-binding protein that plays a crucial role modulating transcription upon activation by steroid hormones. GMEB-2 is ubiquitously expressed with preferential expression in developmentally important tissues, such as testis, bone marrow, placenta and fetal tissues. It localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm and contains a SAND domain near its N-terminus and a C-terminal coiled coil structure. GMEB-2 functions as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with GMEB-1. The formed complex specifically binds to glucocorticoid modulatory elements (GME) in the promoter region of target genes and recruits the histone acetylase CREB binding protein (CBP) during glucocorticoid signaling. This acts to increase sensitivity to low concentrations of glucocorticoids. In addition, GMEB-2 functions as an auxiliary factor required for parvovirus replication.

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Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP27) is a 27 kDa member of a family of proteins whose expression and function are stimulated by heat shock and other stress stimuli. A major function of these proteins is to serve as chaperones that bind to and stabilize the active conformation of other proteins. HSP27, along with other members of the small HSP group, possesses a C-terminal Alpha-crystalline homology domain. HSP27 is localized to the cytoplasm of unstressed cells but can redistribute to the nucleus in response to stress, where it may function to stabilize DNA and/or the nuclear membrane. Cytoplasmic HSP27 exists in multiple complexes. One complex consists of HSP27, Akt (PKB), MAPKAP-kinase 2, and p38 MAPK. The presence of HSP27 in this complex is required for Akt activation by stress stimuli. Another complex consists of HSP27 and the IKK complex. HSP27 is also an actin capping protein that binds to the barbed (growing) ends of actin filaments, thereby inhibiting filament extension. Phosphorylation of HSP27 on serine 82 by MAPKAP-kinase 2 leads to HSP27 dissociation from the Akt/MAPKAP-kinase 2/p38 complex and from actin filaments, and stimulates HSP27 binding to the IKK complex.

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Nudel is important for normal cortical development. It is invovled in microtubule organization, nuclear translocation, and neuronal positioning in concert with various other factors (including Lis1, Pafah1b1, Pahfah1b2, dynein, dynorphin A and cdk5). Western blot analysis of mouse tissues shows abundant expression of Nudel in brain and testis, and much lower expression in heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle. In fractionated rat brain, Nudel and Lis1 are both found in fractions enriched for postsynaptic density proteins. Immunostaining of embryonic day 18 mouse brain sections revealed staining of migrating neurons and thalamocortical axons of the intermediate zone of the developing cerebral cortex, as well as several other developing brain regions. The deduced protein contains 345 amino acids and has a calculated molecular mass of 38.4 kDa. It has a coiled coil motif (residues 19 to 201), followed by several potential phosphorylation sites for casein kinase II, protein kinase C or CDK5. Nudel shares about 50% identity with mouse and human NUDE proteins.

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FAHD1 is a 224 amino acid protein belonging to the FAH family. Present as a homodimer, FAHD1 is thought to have hydrolase activity and uses magnesium and calcium as cofactors. The gene that encodes FAHD1 maps to human chromosome 16, which encodes over 900 genes in approximately 90 million base pairs, making up nearly 3% of human cellular DNA. The GAN gene is located on chromosome 16 and, with mutation, may lead to giant axonal neuropathy, a nervous system disorder characterized by increasing malfunction with growth. The rare disorder Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is also associated with chromosome 16, though through the CREBBP gene which encodes a critical CREB binding protein. Signs of Rubinstein-Taybi include mental retardation and predisposition to tumor growth and white blood cell neoplasias. Crohn's disease is a gastrointestinal inflammatory condition associated with chromosome 16 through the NOD2 gene. An association with systemic lupus erythematosis and a number of other autoimmune disorders with the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has led to the identification of SLC5A11 as a potential autoimmune modifier.

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Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Essential component of the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathway. With MAP2K4/MKK4, is the one of the only known kinase to directly activate the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinases MAPK8/JNK1, MAPK9/JNK2 and MAPK10/JNK3. MAP2K4/MKK4 and MAP2K7/MKK7 both activate the JNKs by phosphorylation, but they differ in their preference for the phosphorylation site in the Thr-Pro-Tyr motif. MAP2K4/MKK4 shows preference for phosphorylation of the Tyr residue and MAP2K7/MKK7 for the Thr residue. The monophosphorylation of JNKs on the Thr residue is sufficient to increase JNK activity indicating that MAP2K7/MKK7 is important to trigger JNK activity, while the additional phosphorylation of the Tyr residue by MAP2K4/MKK4 ensures optimal JNK activation. Has a specific role in JNK signal transduction pathway activated by proinflammatory cytokines. The MKK/JNK signaling pathway is also involved in mitochondrial death signaling pathway, including the release cytochrome c, leading to apoptosis.

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AARE (Acylamino-acid-releasing enzyme) is also known as Acyl-peptide hydrolase. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal acetylated amino acid preferentially from small acetylated peptides. The acetyl amino acid formed by this hydrolase is further processed to acetate and a free amino acid by an aminoacylase. It can play an important role in destroying oxidatively damaged proteins in living cells. Deletions of this gene locus corresponding to the protein are found in various types of carcinomas, including small cell lung carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma.

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DAB2IP is a Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that acts as a tumor suppressor gene and is inactivated by methylation in prostate and breast cancers. It also interacts with MAP3K5 to disrupt the association of MAP3K5 with the inhibitory 14-3-3 complex.

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Receptor for neurturin. Mediates the NRTN-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor. Also able to mediate GDNF signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor.

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Receptor for the CX3C chemokine fractalkine and mediates both its adhesive and migratory functions. Acts as coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 virus envelope protein (in vitro). Isoform 2 and isoform 3 seem to be more potent HIV-1 coreceptors than isoform 1.

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GCDH is a 438 amino acid protein that localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. Existing as a homotetramer, GCDH uses FAD as a cofactor to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA and CO(2) in the degradative pathway of L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine and L-tryptophan metabolism. While GCDH exists as both a long and short isoform, only the long isoform is a functionally active protein. Defects in the gene encoding GCDH are the cause of glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I), an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by the accumulation of glutaconic acid and is associated with such symptoms as progressive dystonia and athetosis due to gliosis and neuronal loss in the basal ganglia.

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Induces apoptosis of alpha and beta cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

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Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for the cytokine FLT3LG and regulates differentiation, proliferation and survival of hematopoietic progenitor cells and of dendritic cells. Promotes phosphorylation of SHC1 and AKT1, and activation of the downstream effector MTOR. Promotes activation of RAS signaling and phosphorylation of downstream kinases, including MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. Promotes phosphorylation of FES, FER, PTPN6/SHP, PTPN11/SHP-2, PLCG1, and STAT5A and/or STAT5B. Activation of wild-type FLT3 causes only marginal activation of STAT5A or STAT5B. Mutations that cause constitutive kinase activity promote cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis via the activation of multiple signaling pathways.

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Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase implicated in signaling pathways involved in cell motility, proliferation and apoptosis. Activated by tyrosine-phosphorylation in response to either integrin clustering induced by cell adhesion or antibody cross-linking, or via G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) occupancy by ligands such as bombesin or lysophosphatidic acid, or via LDL receptor occupancy. Plays a potential role in oncogenic transformations resulting in increased kinase activity. [SUBCELLULAR LOCATION] Cell junction, focal adhesion. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Note=Constituent of focal adhesions.

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Digoxin is a beta blocker drug originally derived from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata. Digoxin is used primarily to improve the pumping ability of the heart in congestive heart failure (CHF), and treat problems such as high blood pressure. It is also used to help normalize some dysrhythmias (abnormal types of heartbeat).

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Involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation.

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WFDC5 is a member of the WAP-type four-disulfide core (WFDC) domain family. It is a putative acid-stable proteinase inhibitor.

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This is a calcium-independent, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme. Essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation, but is dispensable during TCR-dependent thymocyte development. Links the TCR signaling complex to the activation of NF-kappa-B in mature T lymphocytes. Required for interleukin-2 (IL2) production. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.

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Catalyzes the calcium-dependent formation of isopeptide cross-links between glutamine and lysine residues in various proteins, as well as the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. Involved in the formation of the cornified envelope (CE), a specialized component consisting of covalent cross-links of proteins beneath the plasma membrane of terminally differentiated keratinocytes. Catalyzes small proline-rich proteins (SPRR1 and SPRR2) and LOR cross-linking to form small interchain oligomers, which are further cross-linked by TGM1 onto the growing CE scaffold (By similarity). In hair follicles, involved in cross-linking structural proteins to hardening the inner root sheath.

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Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals; these proteins are transcriptionally regulated by both heavy metals and glucocorticoids.

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Involved in innate immune response by recognizing cytosolic double-stranded DNA and inducing caspase-1-activating inflammasome formation in macrophages. Upon binding to DNA is thought to undergo oligomerization and to associate with PYCARD initiating the recruitment of caspase-1 precusrsor and processing of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18. Detects cytosolic dsDNA of viral and bacterial origin in a non-sequence-specific manner. Can also trigger PYCARD-dependent, caspase-1-independent cell death that involves caspase-8.

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The cell division control protein cdc2, also known as cyclin dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) or p34/cdk1, plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle, where it is required for entry into S phase and mitosis. Cdc2 exists as a complex with both cyclin A and cyclin B. The best characterized of these associations is the Cdc2 p34 cyclin B complex, which is required for the G2 to M phase transition. Activation of Cdc2 is controlled at several steps including cyclin binding and phosphorylation of threonine 161. However, the critical regulatory step in activating cdc2 during progression into mitosis appears to be dephosphorylation of Tyr15 and Tyr14. Phosphorylation at Tyr15 and inhibition of Cdc2 is carried out by WEE1 and MIK protein kinases while Tyr15 dephosphorylation and activation of Cdc2 is carried out by the cdc25 phosphatase. The isoform CDC2deltaT is found in breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, cdc2/Cdk1 is a key mediator of neuronal cell death in brain development and degeneration.

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Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3 (By similarity).

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Growth hormone 2 (GH2) is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Mutations in this gene lead to placental growth hormone/lactogen deficiency. The major role of GH2 in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-1. It stimulates both the differentiation and proliferation of myoblasts. It also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues.

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Munc18 may participate in the regulation of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion, possibly through interaction with GTP binding proteins. It is essential for neurotransmission and binds syntaxin, a component of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery probably in a 1:1 ratio. Munc18 can interact with syntaxins 1, 2, and 3 but not syntaxin 4. It may play a role in determining the specificity of intracellular fusion reactions. Mutations in Munc18 can result in accumulations of acetylcholine and paralytic phenotype suggestive of a neurotransmitter release defect. Two Munc18 isoforms have recently been identified. Munc18-1 has been shown to be primarily expressed in brain, while Munc18-2 is expressed in most tissues.

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Endothelins (ET) show potent constrictor activity in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle. This family of 21-amino acid peptides exists in at least three isoforms - ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3, and is produced in endothelial and epithelial cells. ET's can mediate biological effects in cells and tissues, and have been shown to bind to an ET receptor in the lung, kidney, heart, and liver. Endothelin 1 is expressed in lung, placental stem villi vessels and in cultured placental vascular smooth muscle cells.