650 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B Ligand (RANK Ligand) is a cell-bound marker related to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins. RANK Ligand plays a critical role in bone metabolism and osteoclast differentiation. T cell expression of RANK Ligand promotes dendritic cell maturation.

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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines. IL-11 functions to promote hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and megakaryocyte differentiation. In non-hematopoietic cell populations, IL-11 stimulates acute-phase proteins, modulates the development of immunoglobulin-producing B cells, and regulates bone turnover. IL-11 binds the IL-11Rα receptor to activate JAK downstream signaling. Human IL-11 shows activity on murine cells.

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Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines. IL-11 functions to promote hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and megakaryocyte differentiation. In non-hematopoietic cell populations, IL-11 stimulates acute-phase proteins, modulates the development of immunoglobulin-producing B cells, and regulates bone turnover. IL-11 binds the IL-11Rα receptor to activate JAK downstream signaling.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is an important member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins. Neurotrophins undergo paracrine and autocrine signaling to control neuronal survival, neuronal differentiation, and dendrite outgrowth. NT-4 is expressed ubiquitously and signals through the TrkB receptor tryrosine kinase.

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Exodus-2, also known as CCL21 and 6Ckine, is a chemokine that is strongly produced in the human lymph nodes and spleen. Exodus-2 signals through the chemokine receptor CCR7 to regulate thymocyte and activated T cell migration. Exodus-2 also mediates the homing of lymphocytes to the lymphatic system. Human and mouse Exodus-2 proteins share greater than 85% amino acid sequence identity.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene-3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35). Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Human IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with mouse IFN-γ.

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B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), also known as CXCL13, is expressed at high levels in lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches.  BCA-1 activates signaling through the receptor Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) to chemoattract B cells.

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IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells.

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Cytokines for polarizing T cells into T regulatory cells. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that suppress immune function. They are characterized by the expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 and are known to produce immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β 1 and IL-10. Tregs can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of IL-2 and TGF-β 1 with CD3 and CD28 stimulation. In some cases cells are also cultured with neutralizing antibodies to IL-4, IFNγ and IL-12 and/or retinoic acid.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of human hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterised by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of TPO, SCF, and FLT-3 Ligand for short time periods allows CD34+ cells to proliferate without decreasing CD34 expression, thus retaining their stem cell properties. The combination of these cytokines allows for the ex vivo expansion of the most immature hematopoietic stem cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations, but can be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages. For example, GM-CSF and/or G-CSF can be added to promote monocytes and granulocytes while EPO can be added to promote erthroid cells.

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 beta (SDF-1 β), also called CXCL12b, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and LPS. SDF-1 β signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of TPO, SCF, and FLT-3 Ligand for short time periods allows CD34+ cells to proliferate without decreasing CD34 expression, thus retaining their stem cell properties.

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BalanCD™ CHO Feed 3 is a chemically-defined, animal component-free feed medium designed to increase process yields of antibodies and recombinant proteins in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in fed-batch mode.

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) exerts its effects by binding to the EGF Receptor, a protein kinase that initiates the intracellular signaling. EGF is widely distributed in tissues like the kidney, cerebrum, prostate, and salivary glands. EGF acts as a potent factor in promoting cell division, and the phosphorylated receptor recruit adapter proteins like GRB2, which then activate complex downstream signaling cascades.

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GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor with the ability to form colonies of granulocytes and macrophages. Enhances the number of circulating white blood cells and function of neutrophils and monocytes. Regulates multiple functions via transcription factors in the differentiated cells, including cell survival, proliferation, and maturation. Generates in vitro murine and human DC populations from bone marrow precursors and blood monocytes, respectively.

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IL-4 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that stimulates B cell proliferation and activates eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.

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IL-3 is a species-specific cytokine and pleiotropic growth factor that promotes the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of committed progenitor cells of the megakaryocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell lineages.

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Cytokines for polarising mouse T cells into Th17 cells. T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a distinct type of T cell subset that are thought to be important in immunity against microbes at the epitilial and mucosal interfaces of the body. Disruption of the regular function or balance of Th17 cells is thought to be involved in several autoimmune diseases and/or opportunistic infections. Th17 cells are characterised by their ability to produce IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21. Th17 cells can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation with recombinant IL-6 and recombinant TGF-β 1. In some cases neutralising antibodies against IL-12, IL-4 and IFNγ are used along with recombinat cytokines IL-1 β, IL-21 and/or IL-23.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells to progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with the decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of SCF, FLT-3 Ligand, IL-6 and IL-3 for short time periods allows rapid expansion of immature and more mature hematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations. If the goal is to only expand the most immature progenitor and stem cells, it is recommended that a combination of TPO, SCF and FLT-3 Ligand are used (Catalog: PB-500-04). Either cytokine combination can also be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages.

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a growth factor that is produced by liver and kidney tissues. TPO binds the TPO receptor (CD110) to promote megakaryocyte maturation, differentiation, and the production of platelets. Human TPO (CHO) contains a C-terminal 6x-polyhistidine (6xHis) tag.

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Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF-6) is a heparin-binding growth factor that is expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal lineages. FGF-6 binds and signals through the FGF receptors FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4. FGF-6 functions as a mitogen for vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. FGF-6 is also an important factor driving muscle differentiation and regeneration.

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Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding growth factor that has mitogenic effects on fibroblast, epithelial, and endothelial cells. PTN is made by many tissues, but is predominantly secreted by nervous tissue during development. PTN induces neurite outgrowth and is involved in tumor growth and metastasis.

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Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelial cells. IL-33 signals through the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1R1) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) receptors to ativate NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. IL-33 functions to induce type 2 cytokine production in polarized Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.