650 Resultaten voor: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), also known as CXCL13, is expressed at high levels in lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches.  BCA-1 activates signaling through the receptor Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) to chemoattract B cells.

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IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells.

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Cytokines for polarizing T cells into T regulatory cells. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that suppress immune function. They are characterized by the expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 and are known to produce immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β 1 and IL-10. Tregs can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of IL-2 and TGF-β 1 with CD3 and CD28 stimulation. In some cases cells are also cultured with neutralizing antibodies to IL-4, IFNγ and IL-12 and/or retinoic acid.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of human hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterised by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of TPO, SCF, and FLT-3 Ligand for short time periods allows CD34+ cells to proliferate without decreasing CD34 expression, thus retaining their stem cell properties. The combination of these cytokines allows for the ex vivo expansion of the most immature hematopoietic stem cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations, but can be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages. For example, GM-CSF and/or G-CSF can be added to promote monocytes and granulocytes while EPO can be added to promote erthroid cells.

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a growth factor that is produced by liver and kidney tissues. TPO binds the TPO receptor (CD110) to promote megakaryocyte maturation, differentiation, and the production of platelets.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-α signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed on most cell types, unlike TNFR2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNF-α functions to stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages, chemoattract neutrophils, increase insulin resistance, and induce fever.

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Galectin-1 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins and binds glycans as both a monomer and a homodimer. Galectin-1 is produced in peripheral lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites. Galectin-1 plays important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, cell growth, cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis of activated T cells. Galectin-1 also modulates cytokine secretion and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

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Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is an important member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins. Neurotrophins undergo paracrine and autocrine signaling to control neuronal survival, neuronal differentiation, and dendrite outgrowth. NT-4 is expressed ubiquitously and signals through the TrkB receptor tryrosine kinase.

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Exodus-2, also known as CCL21 and 6Ckine, is a chemokine that is strongly produced in the human lymph nodes and spleen. Exodus-2 signals through the chemokine receptor CCR7 to regulate thymocyte and activated T cell migration. Exodus-2 also mediates the homing of lymphocytes to the lymphatic system. Human and mouse Exodus-2 proteins share greater than 85% amino acid sequence identity.

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Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a cytokine secreted from type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-13 has overlapping functions with interleukin 4 (IL-4), including the induction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) secretion from B cells, and the inhibition of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokine expression. IL-13 also regulates immune cell inflammation in response to the pathophysiological changes of surrounding non-immune cells. The IL-13 receptor consists of the IL-4Ra and IL-13Ra1 subunits. IL-13 can also bind the IL-13Ra2 receptor with high affinity. IL-13 functions are mediated through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Human and mouse IL-13 are cross-reactive.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is expressed by activated type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-31 signals through a heterodimer receptor consisting of the IL-31 Receptor A (IL-31RA) and the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), which are expressed on monocytes, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. IL-31 promotes allergic reactions and inflammatory skin diseases.

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death. Mature human IGF-I is 100% homologous to bovine and porcine IGF-1 proteins.

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Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is an important fetal growth hormone made by theca cells during gestation. IGF-II engages the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) to mediate embryonic growth. IGF-II also binds the sink IGF-II receptor (IGF2R) leading to IGF-II degradation.

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Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B Ligand (RANK Ligand) is a cell-bound marker related to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins. RANK Ligand plays a critical role in bone metabolism and osteoclast differentiation. T cell expression of RANK Ligand promotes dendritic cell maturation.

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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in monocytes, and promotes type 2 T helper (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is upregulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is expressed by activated type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-31 signals through a heterodimer receptor consisting of the IL-31 Receptor A (IL-31RA) and the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), which are expressed on monocytes, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. IL-31 promotes allergic reactions and inflammatory skin diseases.

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Interleukin 20 (IL-20) is structurally related to interleukin 10 (IL-10) and is produced by keratinocytes and monocytes. IL-20 acts through the STAT3 signaling pathway to regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes during epidermal inflammation.

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Interleukin 22 (IL-22), also called IL-TIF, is an IL-10 family member that is produced by activated dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. IL-22 signals via a heteroduplex receptor consisting of IL-22R and IL-10RB chains. IL-22 is a potent mediator of cellular inflammatory responses.  

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) expression in monocytes, and promotes T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is up-regulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Interleukin 22 (IL-22), also called IL-TIF, is an IL-10 family member that is produced by activated dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. IL-22 signals via a heteroduplex receptor consisting of IL-22R and IL-10RB chains. IL-22 is a potent mediator of cellular inflammatory responses and wound healing.  

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. FGF-basic also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-basic is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Recombinant FGF-basic 154 is the full length FGF-basic protein encoded by the human FGF-2 gene. FGF-basic 154 is the most popular tissue culture product at Shenandoah Biotechnology, Inc. There are no detectable differences in biological activity between FGF-basic 154 and the truncated FGF-basic 147 proteins.

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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and functions as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage development. BMP proteins are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. Active BMP-2 consists of forming a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related BMP, such as BMP-7. BMP-2 signals through type I and type II receptor tyrosine kinases in conjuction with SMAD proteins to directly promote osteoblast differentiation. BMP-2 is also important during cardiac development and supports epicardial cell migration.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family that is made by a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. LIF signals through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimer to activate STAT3 and MAPK signaling. LIF functions during hematopoietic differentiation, neuronal cell differentiation, kidney development, and inflammatory processes. Human LIF may also be an important factor during human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal, pluripotency, and embryonic implantation.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene-3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35). Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Human IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with mouse IFN-γ.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Human IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with mouse IFN-γ.

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Fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF-22) is a mediator of synaptogenesis in the adult nervous system and functions to regulate synapse formation and maturation.