48081 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), also called CCL18, is a chemokine expressed in the lymph nodes, lungs, placenta, and bone marrow. MIP-4 receptors include the chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein membrane-associate 3 (PITPNM3). MIP-4 acts as a chemoattractant for naive T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and nonactivated lymphocytes. Further, MIP-4 promotes breast cancer metastasis and attenuates the activation of acute lymphocytic leukemia B cells.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in monocytes, and promotes type 2 T helper (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is upregulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Human IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with mouse IFN-γ.

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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and functions as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage development. BMP proteins are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. Active BMP-2 consists of forming a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related BMP, such as BMP-7. BMP-2 signals through type I and type II receptor tyrosine kinases in conjuction with SMAD proteins to directly promote osteoblast differentiation. BMP-2 is also important during cardiac development and supports epicardial cell migration.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Mouse IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with human IFN-γ.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of human hematopoietic stem cells to progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with the decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of SCF, FLT-3 Ligand, IL-6 and IL-3 for short time periods allows rapid expansion of immature and more mature hematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations. If the goal is to only expand the most immature progenitor and stem cells, it is recommended that a combination of TPO, SCF and FLT-3 Ligand are used (Catalog: PB-500-03). Either cytokine combination can also be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages.

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Cytokines for the differentation of mouse monycyte-derived dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are an important type of immune cell that function to activate T and B cells via their role as an antigen presenting cells. Monocytes isolated from bone marrow can be differentiated to immature dendritic cells (iDCs) through culturing in the presence of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The characteristics of monocyte-derived iDCs are detectable after culture with IL-4/GM-CSF and include: the down regulation of CD14 surface expression, an increase in dextran uptake and an increased response to MIP-1α. Subsequent culturing with pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) can further differentiate the iDCs into mature dendritic cells (mDCs) that have full T cell stimulating capacity. This bundle includes 1x 100 μg of Recombinant Mouse IL-4 and 1x 100 μg of Recombinant Mouse GM-CSF.

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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family that is made by a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. LIF signals through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimer to activate STAT3 and MAPK signaling. LIF functions during hematopoietic differentiation, neuronal cell differentiation, kidney development, and inflammatory processes. Mouse LIF promotes mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and pluripotency in long-term cell culture systems, similar to the functional activity of FGF-basic in human ES cell culture systems.

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Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF-4) is a secreted growth factor that is predominantly expressed during bone morphogenesis and embryonic limb development. FGF-4 is an important growth regulator for stem cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. FGF-4 contains a single N-linked glycosylation signal. In-vitro studies suggest that unglycosylated FGF-4 is cleaved into 13 kDa and 15 kDa truncated proteins that have greater biological activity than the wild type 19 kDa FGF-4 protein. Human FGF-4 shares high homology and is cross-reactive with mouse FGF-4. 

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Galectin-3 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins. Galectin-3 is expressed by a wide range of cell types including activated T cells, tumor cells, macrophages, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. Galectin-3 has specific binding affinity for beta-galactoside sugar moieties and has functional roles during development, innate immunity, cell apoptosis, and tumor metastasis. Galectin-3 is associated with cancer, heart failure, stroke, and inflammation. The amino acid sequences of human and mouse Galectin-3 proteins share 80% homology.

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WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP-2) is a member of the CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family of regulatory factors. WISP-2 is expressed in ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal lineages, including primary osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipogenic precursor cells. WISP-2 is a canonical WNT ligand that regulates cell proliferation, adhesion, and metastasis. Secreted WISP-2 promotes mesenchymal precursor cell proliferation and maintains them in an undifferentiated state. In bone-forming osteoblasts, WISP-2 promotes osteoblast adhesion and inhibits osteocalcin production.

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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and functions as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage development. BMP proteins are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. Active BMP-2 consists of forming a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related BMP, such as BMP-7. BMP-2 signals through type I and type II receptor tyrosine kinases in conjuction with SMAD proteins to directly promote osteoblast differentiation. BMP-2 is also important during cardiac development and supports epicardial cell migration.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines. TRAIL is widely produced by a variety of cell types including tumor cells, smooth muscle of the lung and spleen, cerebellar glial cells, and thyroid follicular cells. TRAIL is a cytotoxic protein that induces apoptosis in tumor cells through the activation of the death receptors DR4 and DR5. TRAIL also binds the neutralizing decoy receptors, DcR1 and DcR2. Human TRAIL is active on mouse cells.

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Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are multifunctional peptides that regulate growth and differentiation in most cell types. The TGF-β family of proteins signal through serine/threonine kinase receptors. TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and –β3) have overlapping, yet distinct biological actions in developing and adult tissues. TGF-β3 is an important factor in regulating cell adhesion and accelerating wound repair. TGF-β3 also functions during osteoblast proliferation, chemotaxis, and collagen synthesis.

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Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-γ) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-α (FIZZ1), RELM-β (FIZZ2), and RELM-γ (FIZZ4). RELM-γ is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, and lung. RELM-γ functions to promote and regulate promyelocytic differentiation, in addition to regulating nutrient-associated insulin sensitivity in the intestinal tract. Rodents secrete all four RELM family members, whereas Resistin and RELM-β are the only RELM family members found in humans.

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Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-γ) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-α (FIZZ1), RELM-β (FIZZ2), and RELM-γ (FIZZ4). RELM-γ is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, and lung. RELM-γ functions to promote and regulate promyelocytic differentiation, in addition to regulating nutrient-associated insulin sensitivity in the intestinal tract. Rodents secrete all four RELM family members, whereas Resistin and RELM-β are the only RELM family members found in humans.

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WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP-2) is a member of the CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family of regulatory factors. WISP-2 is expressed in ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal lineages, including primary osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipogenic precursor cells. WISP-2 is a canonical WNT ligand that regulates cell proliferation, adhesion, and metastasis. Secreted WISP-2 promotes mesenchymal precursor cell proliferation and maintains them in an undifferentiated state. In bone-forming osteoblasts, WISP-2 promotes osteoblast adhesion and inhibits osteocalcin production.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in monocytes, and promotes type 2 T helper (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is upregulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35). Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin. Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), and TGF-β1. Follistatin functions as an antagonist by binding TGF-β family members to block interaction with their signaling receptors. Follistatin also inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) expression in monocytes, and promotes T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is up-regulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) expression in monocytes, and promotes T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is up-regulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ɣ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Human IL-10 can act on murine cells, while murine IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a widely expressed proinflammatory cytokine that is structurally and functionally related to interleukin 2 (IL-2). IL-15 signals through JAK kinases to activate STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 transcription factors. IL-15 regulates the activation of T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and is a stimulatory cytokine promoting dendritic cell function. IL-15 expression is dysregulated in chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Therefore, IL-15 may serve as an effective therapeutic target, due to the beneficial outcomes of IL-15 neutralisation in models of psoriasis and diabetes. Human IL-15 shows activity on mouse cells.

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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that functions as a potent inducer of neutrophilic granulocyte proliferation, terminal differentiation, and activation. G-CSF synthesis occurs in monocyte, macrophage, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells after activation by bacterial endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), or interleukin 17 (IL-17). The functional activity of G-CSF is mediated through the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) to activate JAK/STAT and MAPK signal transduction pathways. G-CSF also promotes neurogenesis and inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Human and mouse G-CSF proteins are cross-reactive.