41264 Results for: "Iodic+acid&pageNo=67"

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CHMP1B belongs to the chromatin-modifying protein/charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP) family. These proteins are components of ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport III), a complex involved in degradation of surface receptor proteins and formation of endocytic multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Some CHMPs have both nuclear and cytoplasmic/vesicular distributions, and one such CHMP, CHMP1A (MIM 164010), is required for both MVB formation and regulation of cell cycle progression

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Produced by macrophages, IFN-alpha have antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.

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The cystatin superfamily is a well-established family of cysteine protease inhibitors. Cystatins A and B (type 1) are mainly intracellular; cystatins C, D, E/M, F, G, S, SN and SA cystatins are extracellular (type 2); and the kininogens are type 3 cystatins which are intravascular proteins. All true cystatins inhibit cysteine peptidases of the papain family, such as cathepsins, and some also inhibit legumain family enzymes. Cystatin SA, cystatin S and cystatin SN are found primarily in saliva. Cystatin S and SN can also be expressed in tears, urine and seminal fluid. Cystatin C is a related protein which is expressed in brain, thymus, ovary, epididymis and vas deferens. Cystatin D protects against proteinases in the oral cavity, while Cystatin E/M and F moderate the inhibition of cathepsin proteins. The fetuins, part of the cystatin superfamily, are secretable proteins that influence osteogenesis and bone resorption, regulation of the insulin and hepatocyte growth factor receptors and the response to systemic inflammation. High molecular weight kininogen (Kininogen HC) and low molecular weight kininogen (Kininogen LC) have varied roles, though they both inhibit the thrombin- and plasmin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes.

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Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Binds to DNA and to DNA ligase IV (LIG4). The LIG4-XRCC4 complex is responsible for the NHEJ ligation step, and XRCC4 enhances the joining activity of LIG4. Binding of the LIG4-XRCC4 complex to DNA ends is dependent on the assembly of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK to these DNA ends.

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HDGFL1.

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This gene is a member of the synaptotagmin gene family and encodes a protein similar to other family members that mediate calcium-dependent regulation of membrane trafficking in synaptic transmission. Studies of the orthologous gene in rat have shown that the encoded protein selectively modulates spontaneous synaptic-vesicle exocytosis and may also be involved in regulating calcium independent secretion in nonneuronal cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The gene has previously been referred to as synaptotagmin XI but has been renamed synaptotagmin XII to be standard with mouse and rat official nomenclature.

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Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a pleiotropic genetic disorder characterized by obesity, photoreceptor degeneration, polydactyly, hypogenitalism, renal abnormalities, and developmental delay. BBS patients also have an increased risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, and congenital heart defects. BBS is a heterogeneous disorder mapping to eight genetic loci and encoding eight proteins, BBS1-BBS8. Five BBS proteins encode basal body or cilia proteins, suggesting that BBS is a ciliary dysfunction disorder. BBS2 contains two overlapping genes: BBS2L1 and BBS2L2. BBSL1 was re-named BBS7, whereas BBS2L2 independently funcitons as BBS1. BBS7 contains 672 amino acids and is expressed at low to moderate levels in most human tissues.

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Chromosome 16 encodes over 900 genes in approximately 90 million base pairs, makes up nearly 3% of human cellular DNA and is associated with a variety of genetic disorders. The GAN gene is located on chromosome 16 and, with mutation, may lead to giant axonal neuropathy, a nervous system disorder characterized by increasing malfunction with growth. The rare disorder Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is also associated with chromosome 16, though through the CREBBP gene which encodes a critical CREB binding protein. Signs of Rubinstein-Taybi include mental retardation and predisposition to tumor growth and white blood cell neoplasias. Crohn's disease is a gastrointestinal inflammatory condition associated with chromosome 16 through the NOD2 gene. An association with systemic lupus erythematosis and a number of other autoimmune disorders with the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has led to the identification of SLC5A11 as a potential autoimmune modifier. The FAM96B gene product has been provisionally designated FAM96B pending further characterization.

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Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, adhesion, spreading, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation and disassembly of focal adhesions and cell protrusions, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Required for early embryonic development and placenta development. Required for embryonic angiogenesis, normal cardiomyocyte migration and proliferation, and normal heart development. Regulates axon growth and neuronal cell migration, axon branching and synapse formation; required for normal development of the nervous system. Plays a role in osteogenesis and differentiation of osteoblasts. Functions in integrin signal transduction, but also in signaling downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), EPHA2, netrin receptors and LDL receptors. Forms multisubunit signaling complexes with SRC and SRC family members upon activation; this leads to the phosphorylation of additional tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for scaffold proteins, effectors and substrates. Regulates numerous signaling pathways. Promotes activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the AKT1 signaling cascade. Promotes activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Promotes localized and transient activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and thereby modulates the activity of Rho family GTPases. Signaling via CAS family members mediates activation of RAC1. Recruits the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 to P53/TP53 in the nucleus, and thereby regulates P53/TP53 activity, P53/TP53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylates SRC; this increases SRC kinase activity. Phosphorylates ACTN1, ARHGEF7, GRB7, RET and WASL.

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The calcium binding protein (CaBP) family shares much similarity to calmodulin. It has been shown that CaBP proteins can substitute functionally for, and probably augment the function of, calmodulin. Calcium binding proteins are a crucial part of calcium mediated cellular signal transduction in the central nervous system. There are several members of the family with varying expression patterns. CaBP1 and CaBP2 can be expressed as multiple, alternatively spliced variants in brain and retina. CaBP3, CaBP4 and CaBP 5 are restricted to retinal rod and cone cells.

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KLHL13 (kelch like 13), also known as BKLHD2 (BTB and kelch domain containing protein 2), is a 604 amino acid protein that contains six Kelch repeats and one BTB/POZ domain. Expressed predominantly in brain, KLHL13 is believed to play a role in protein ubiquitination and may function as a substrate specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase complex. E3 ligases accept a ubiquitin residue from an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and immediately transfer that residue to a protein that is targeted for degradation. Specifically, KLHL13 interacts with KLHL9 and CUL3, a member of the cullin family of mediators that participate in the selective targeting of proteins for ubiquitin mediated proteolysis. Via its BTB and C terminal Kelch (BACK) motif, KLHL13 is thought to play a role in spatially orientating substrates in the CUL3 ligase.

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KRT18 encodes the type I intermediate filament chain keratin 18. Keratin 18, together with its filament partner keratin 8, are perhaps the most commonly found members of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq].

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CCDC12, also known as FLJ39430, FLJ40801 or MGC23918, is a 166 amino acid protein encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 3. Chromosome 3 is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3.

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Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.

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Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C (eIF2C) proteins (argonaute family) influence RNA interference (RNAi) as components of the RNA-inducible silencing complex (RISC) or microRNA (miRNA)-containing ribonucleoprotein particle (miRNP). Small RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and miRNAs, can silence target genes through mechanisms that utilize RISC or miRNP particles. eIF2C1 (argonaute 1, AGO1, eIF2C, GERP95, Q99) and Dicer1 play a coordinated role in siRNA-mediated gene silencing. eIF2C2 (Slicer, argonaute 2, AGO2, Q10) is a RISC component that can concentrate in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies) and catalyze mRNA cleavage. Mammalian P-bodies contain mRNAs and have an association with miRNA-induced translational silencing and siRNA-induced mRNA degradation. Additional eIF2C proteins include eIF2C3 (argonaute 3, AGO3), eIF2C4 (argonaute 4, AGO4) and meIF2c5 (mouse argonaute 5).

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RIN1 is a Ras effector protein which can affect Ras signaling in a variety of ways. It enhances signaling from ABL1 and ABL2 whcih are involved in regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling. It may function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor in activation of Rab5a. Rin1 also competes with RAF1 for binding of the activated form of Ras. It may play a role inhibiting the modulation of neuronal plasticity in formation of aversive memory, and has been implicated as a tumor supressor gene in breast cancer.

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Staufen homolog 2 is a member of the family of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins involved in the transport and/or localization of mRNAs to different subcellular compartments and/or organelles. These proteins are characterized by the presence of multiple dsRNA-binding domains which are required to bind RNAs having double-stranded secondary structures. Staufen homolog 2 shares 48.5% and 59.9% similarity with drosophila and human staufen, respectively. The exact function of Staufen homolog 2 is not known, but since it contains 3 copies of conserved dsRNA binding domain, it could be involved in double-stranded RNA binding events. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

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The RING-type zinc finger motif is present in a number of viral and eukaryotic proteins and is made of a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is able to bind two zinc atoms. Proteins that contain this conserved domain are generally involved in the ubiquitination pathway of protein degradation. RNF10 (ring finger protein 10), also known as RIE2, is an 811 amino acid protein that localizes to the cytoplasm and contains one RING-type zinc finger. Existing as multiple alternatively spliced isoforms, RNF10 interacts with MOX-2 and is thought to regulate its transcription in schwann cells, possibly playing a role in myelin formation. The gene encoding RNF10 maps to human chromosome 12, which encodes over 1,100 genes and comprises approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and Trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.

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RILPL2 is a 211 amino acid protein that belongs to the RILPL family. RILPL2 does not regulate lysosomal morphology or distribution. RILPL2 shares 32% and 18% amino acid identity with RILPL1 and RILP, respectively. RILPL2 as a novel interacting partner for the actin-based molecular motor MyoVa, and has a novel role for RILPL2 in controlling neuronal morphogenesis. It has been suggested that there is also a novel role for RILPL2 in the regulation of cellular shape and dendritic-spine morphogenesis, probably via the Rac1-Pak pathway. PCR analysis of human tissues detects highest RILPL2 expression in lung, followed by placenta. Lower expression is detected in liver, kidney, pancreas, heart and brain, but no expression is detected in skeletal muscle. The RILPL2 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken and zebrafish, and maps to human chromosome 12q24.31.

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Catalyzes the methylation of 5-carboxymethyl uridine to 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop in tRNA. Catalyzes the last step in the formation of 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine at the wobble position of the anticodon loop in target tRNA. Has a preference for tRNA(Arg) and tRNA(Glu), and does not bind tRNA(Lys). Required for normal survival after DNA damage. May inhibit apoptosis and promote cell survival and angiogenesis.

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Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyse the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.

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GABARAPL1 belongs to the MAP1 LC3 family. It increases cell surface expression of kappa type opioid receptor through facilitating anterograde intracellular trafficking of the receptor.

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays an essential role in the regulation of actin filament dynamics. Acts downstream of several Rho family GTPase signal transduction pathways. Activated by upstream kinases including ROCK1, PAK1 and PAK4, which phosphorylate LIMK1 on a threonine residue located in its activation loop. LIMK1 subsequently phosphorylates and inactivates the actin binding/depolymerizing factors cofilin-1/CFL1, cofilin-2/CFL2 and destrin/DSTN, thereby preventing the cleavage of filamentous actin (F-actin), and stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton. In this way LIMK1 regulates several actin-dependent biological processes including cell motility, cell cycle progression, and differentiation. Phosphorylates TPPP on serine residues, thereby promoting microtubule disassembly. Stimulates axonal outgrowth and may be involved in brain development. Isoform 3 has a dominant negative effect on actin cytoskeletal changes. Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced phosphorylation of cofilin (CFL1).

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May be involved in mediating uptake of synaptic material during synapse remodeling or in mediating the synaptic clustering of AMPA glutamate receptors at a subset of excitatory synapses.

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MYBPC1 is a 1,141 amino acid protein that contains three fibronectin type-III domains and seven Ig-like C2-type domains. Existing as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, MYBPC1 functions as a thick filament-associated protein that localizes to striated muscle bands in vertebrae and is thought to modify the activity of select ATPases. Additionally, MYBPC1 may play a role in the modulation of muscle contraction and in the overall structural integrity of the cell. The gene encoding MYBPC1 maps to human chromosome 12, which encodes over 1,100 genes and comprises approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and Trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.

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Essential PPIase that regulates mitosis presumably by interacting with NIMA and attenuating its mitosis-promoting activity. Displays a preference for an acidic residue N-terminal to the isomerized proline bond. Catalyzes pSer/Thr-Pro cis/trans isomerizations. Down-regulates kinase activity of BTK. Can transactivate multiple oncogenes and induce centrosome amplification, chromosome instability and cell transformation. Required for the efficient dephosphorylation and recycling of RAF1 after mitogen activation. Binds and targets PML and BCL6 for degradation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.

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RNF11

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Programmed neuronal cell death is a feature of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, which occur later in human life. Huntington’s disease at the molecular and cell level is characterized by polyglutamine expansion of the protein huntingtin (Htt) that leads to apoptotis-mediated neurodegenerative loss of medium spiny neurons throughout the striatum. Polyglutamine expansion reduces the level of association between Hip-1 and Htt, thereby increasing levels of free Hip-1 that then can be the candidate protein Hippi (Hip-1 protein interactor). The Hippi-Hip-1 heterodimer is a pro-apoptotic complex that recruits procaspase-8 and initiates caspase-8 activation, which may contribute to the neuronal cell death observed in individuals diagnosed with Huntington’s disease. The human hippi gene maps to chromosome 3q13.13 and encodes a 429 amino acid protein.

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The membrane-bound isoform 1 is a receptor involved in the development of the cardiovascular system, in angiogenesis, in the formation of certain neuronal circuits and in organogenesis outside the nervous system. It mediates the chemorepulsant activity of semaphorins. It binds to semaphorin 3A, The PLGF-2 isoform of PGF, The VEGF-165 isoform of VEGF and VEGF-B. Coexpression with KDR results in increased VEGF-165 binding to KDR as well as increased chemotaxis. It may regulate VEGF-induced angiogenesis. The soluble isoform 2 binds VEGF-165 and appears to inhibit its binding to cells. It may also induce apoptosis by sequestering VEGF-165. May bind as well various members of the semaphorin family. Its expression has an averse effect on blood vessel number and integrity.

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LRRC62 contains 1 fibronectin type III domain and 5 LRR (leucine rich) repeats. The exact function of LRRC62 remains unknown.