41252 Results for: "Iodic+acid&pageNo=67"

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Chromosome 9 consists of about 145 million bases and 4% of the human genome and encodes nearly 900 genes. Considered to play a role in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p can lead to development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X,Y genotype. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterized by harmful vascular defects, is associated with the chromosome 9 gene encoding endoglin protein, ENG. Familial dysautonomia is also associated with chromosome 9 though through the gene IKBKAP. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster. Chromosome 9 is partnered with chromosome 22 in the translocation leading to the aberrant production of BCR-ABL fusion protein often found in leukemias. The C9orf72 gene product has been provisionally designated C9orf72 pending further characterization. There are two isoforms of C9orf72 that are produced as a result of alternative splicing events.

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Eph receptor A2 is the receptor for members of the ephrin-A family. It binds to ephrin-A1, -A3, -A4 and -A5. Eph receptor A3 is also a receptor for members of the ephrin-A family. It binds to ephrin-A2, -A3, -A4 and -A5 and is thought to play a role in lymphoid function. Eph receptor A4 is a receptor for members of the ephrin-A family. It binds to ephrin-A1, -A4 and -A5. It binds more poorly to ephrin-A2 and -A3. It may play a role in a signal transduction process involved in hindbrain pattern formation.

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The Hox proteins play a role in development and cellular differentiation by regulating downstream target genes. Specifically, the Hox proteins direct DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions that assist in determining the morphologic features associated with the anterior-posterior body axis. The mammalian HOX gene complex consists of 39 genes that are located on four linkage groups, which are dispersed over four chromosomes. HOX genes that occupy the same relative position along the 5’ to 3’ coordinate (trans-paralogous genes) are more similar in sequence and expression pattern than adjacent HOX genes on the same chromosome. HoxA3, in conjunction with Pax1, mediates the development of the thymus, parathyroid gland, and carotid body. Its expression in the third pharyngeal arch and pouch is required for development of the third arch artery, and homozygous null HoxA3 mutants lack the carotid body. HoxA3 also regulates hindbrain development by controlling the axon projection pattern of motor neurons and sensory neurons of the proximal and distal ganglia.

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Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol), PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Involved in the activation of AKT1 upon stimulation by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) ligands such as CXCL12, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid. May also act downstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Required in different signaling pathways for stable platelet adhesion and aggregation. Plays a role in platelet activation signaling triggered by GPCRs, alpha-IIb/beta-3 integrins (ITGA2B/ ITGB3) and ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif)-bearing receptors such as GP6. Regulates the strength of adhesion of ITGA2B/ ITGB3 activated receptors necessary for the cellular transmission of contractile forces. Required for platelet aggregation induced by F2 (thrombin) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Has a role in cell survival. May have a role in cell migration. Involved in the early stage of autophagosome formation. Modulates the intracellular level of PtdIns3P (Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate) and activates PIK3C3 kinase activity. May act as a scaffold, independently of its lipid kinase activity to positively regulate autophagy. May have a role in insulin signaling as scaffolding protein in which the lipid kinase activity is not required. May have a kinase-independent function in regulating cell proliferation and in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Mediator of oncogenic signal in cell lines lacking PTEN. The lipid kinase activity is necessary for its role in oncogenic transformation. Required for the growth of ERBB2 and RAS driven tumors.

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The complement factor C3 consists of an alpha and a beta chain. C3 is a central factor in the complement cascade. It is central to the alternative pathway that leads to the C3 convertase C3bBb. The classical mannose binding lectin activation pathway leads to the C3 convertase C4b2a. These convertases cleave C3 resulting in C3a and C3b. Further degradation leads to the formation of the alpha chain products C3d, C3g and C3c. C3 is an acute phase protein that is produced by a wide range of tissues, including renal epithelial cells and hepatocytes.

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Cytokine that affects the growth, movement, or activation state of cells that participate in immune and inflammatory response. Chemotactic for activated T-cells. Binds to CXCR3.

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Activates STAT3 and possibly STAT1 and STAT5 through the IL31 heterodimeric receptor composed of IL31RA and OSMR. IL31 may function in skin immunity.

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The homeobox protein, HESX1, which is also known as Rathke’s pouch homeobox, HANF, homeodomain transcription factor, and anterior-restricted homeobox protein is a transcription factor that belongs to the homeodomain family of DNA binding proteins. HESX1 is initially expressed in embryonic stem cells and the primitive forebrain, and is essential for normal development of the eyes and other anterior CNS structures, such as the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the olfactory bulbs. The homeobox gene Hesx1 is expressed in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), anterior axial mesendoderm (AME), and anterior neural ectoderm (ANE) during early embryogenesis. Mutations in the Hesx1 gene are associated with disorders that are comparable with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). These disorders are characterized by hypoplasia of the optic nerve, various types of forebrain defects and pituitary hormone deficiencies, including hypothyroidism. Hesx1 also acts as a transcriptional repressor of reporter gene constructs in tissue culture assays.

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High affinity receptor that binds to the Fc region of immunoglobulins epsilon. Aggregation of FCER1 by multivalent antigens is required for the full mast cell response, including the release of preformed mediators (such as histamine) by degranulation and de novo production of lipid mediators and cytokines. Also mediates the secretion of important lymphokines. Binding of allergen to receptor-bound IgE leads to cell activation and the release of mediators responsible for the manifestations of allergy.

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Pin1 is a Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIase). Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIase) facilitate the cis-trans interconversion of the peptidyl-prolyl bond thereby affecting protein folding. Pin1 is a PPIase which specifically recognizes phosphorylated S/T-P bonds. Pin1 has been implicated in tau pathologies that underlie Alzheimer's Disease. Pin1 binds to tau phosphorylated specifically on the Thr231-Pro site and induces conformational changes in tau. Such conformational changes can directly restore the ability of phosphorylated Tau to bind microtubules and promote microtubule assembly and/or facilitate tau dephosphorylation. Pin1 expression inversely correlates with the predicted neuronal vulnerability in normally aged brain and also with actual neurofibrillary degeneration in AD brain. Pin1 could be pivotal for maintainance of normal neuronal function and preventing age-dependent neurodegeneration.

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GPR120, a member of the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is a 377 amino acid protein which is expressed in the intestine. GPR120 is a receptor for unsaturated long-chain FFAs (free fatty acids). FFAs act as signaling molecules and are an important energy source. They also employ various physiological responses through their GPCRs. One such response occurs when dietary FFAs stimulate GPR120. This stimulation promotes the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in vivo and in vitro. GLP-1 belongs to the class of molecules known as the incretins, which are associated with insulin secreted from the pancreas as a result of food intake. GLP-1 also inhibits glucagon and gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying. Consequently, the role of GPR120 in the secretion of GLP-1 is critical in the treatment of diabetes.

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NET-6, also known as TSPAN13 (tetraspanin-13) or TM4SF13 (transmembrane 4 superfamily member 13), is a 204 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family. Members of the tetraspanin family are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains and mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth, motility, differentiation, and cancer. Considered molecular facilitators, tetraspanin proteins may regulate vesicle fusion and fission. The gene encoding NET-6 maps to human chromosome 7, which houses over 1,000 genes, comprises nearly 5% of the human genome and has been linked to Osteogenesis imperfecta, Pendred syndrome, Lissencephaly, Citrullinemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.

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Catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Modulates intracellular glucocorticoid levels, thus protecting the nonselective mineralocorticoid receptor from occupation by glucocorticoids.

Supplier: Bioss

Part of the CASK/TBR1/TSPYL2 transcriptional complex which modulates gene expression in response to neuronal synaptic activity, probably by facilitating nucleosome assembly. May inhibit cell proliferation by inducing p53-dependent CDKN1A expression.

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PCGF1 is a component of the Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein BCOR complex, a complex required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of some genes, such as BCL6 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1A. It represses CDKN1A expression by binding to its promoter, and this repression is dependent on the retinoic acid response element (RARE element). PCGF1 als promotes cell cycle progression and also enhances cell proliferation, thus it may have a positive role in tumor cell growth.

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The homeobox DNA-binding domain is a 60 amino acid motif that is conserved among many species and functions to bind DNA via a helix-turn-helix structure, thereby playing a role in transcriptional regulation and the control of gene expression. TSHZ3 (teashirt zinc finger homeobox 3), also known as KIAA1474, TSH3 or ZNF537, is a 1,081 amino acid protein that contains one homeobox DNA-binding domain and five C2H2-type zinc fingers. Localized to the nucleus, TSHZ3 functions as a transcriptional regulator that is involved in developmental processes throughout the body. The gene encoding TSHZ3 maps to human chromosome 19, which consists of over 63 million bases, houses approximately 1,400 genes and is recognized for having the greatest gene density of the human chromosomes.

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Antigen-presenting protein that binds self and non-self glycolipids and presents them to T-cell receptors on natural killer T-cells.

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Connexin 29 belongs to the connexin family and is a member of the epsilon-type subfamily. Connexin 29 is a membrane bound, multi-pass protein also known as gap junction epsilon-1 protein. A connexon, consisting of connexin hexamers, is a membrane bound structure that is integral in the formation of a gap junction. One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low molecular weight diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell. Connexin 29 expression is restricted to the central nervous system and is present in brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve samples. It has been suggested that connexin 29 in the mature CNS contributes minimally to gap junctional intercellular communication in oligodendrocyte cell bodies. Rather, connexin 29 is targeted to myelin where it, along with connexin 32, may contribute to connexin-mediated communication between adjacent layers of uncompacted myelin.

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Shelters ceramides and diacylglycerol lipids inside its START domain and mediates the intracellular trafficking of ceramides and diacylglycerol lipids in a non-vesicular manner.

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Glycosyltransferases that mediate the regio- and stereoselective transfer of sugars, such as the fucosyltransferases, determine cell surface-carbohydrate profiles, which is an essential interface for biological recognition processes. GTDC1 (Glycosyltransferase-like domain-containing protein 1), also known as Mat-Xa, is a 458 amino acid protein belonging to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. GTDC1 is ubiquitously expressed, with highest levels found in peripheral blood leukocytes, spleen, lung and testis.An extremely rare recessive genetic disorder, Alstré°‰ syndrome, is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene, which maps to chromosome 2.

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The PHEX a 749 amino acid protein that putatively consists of an intracellular, transmembrane and extracellular domain. PHEX mutations have been observed in 60-80% of hypophosphatemic rickets patients. The PHEX protein, which is a single-pass membrane protein, is also designated HYP, X-linked hypophosphatemia protein or metalloendopeptidase homolog PEX. PHEX plays an active role in bone and dentin mineralization and renal phosphate re-absorption. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, also designated HYP, is an X-linked dominant disorder characterized by impaired phosphate uptake in the kidney, which is likely to be caused by abnormal regulation of sodium phosphate cotransport in the proximal tubules. Clinical manifestations include skeletal deformities, growth failure, craniosynostosis, paravertebral calcifications, pseudofractures in lower extremities, and muscular hypotonia with onset in early childhood.

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The charged multivesicular body proteins, commonly designated CHMPs, belong to the vacuolar sorting protein family and function as chromatin-modifying proteins. CHMP1-6 are all components of ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) I, II or III complexes. These complexes are crucial for sorting endosomal articles into multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and are also required for the formation of these bodies. CHMP2B, also known as CHMP2.5 or vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 2-2, is a 213 amino acid cytosolic protein. Widely expressed in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, small intestine, pancreas, lung, placenta and leukocytes, CHMP2B associates directly with CHMP2A and vps4 for the disassembly of the ESCRT-III complex. Defects in the gene encoding CHMP2B have been shown to cause chromosome 3-linked frontotemporal dementia (FTD3).

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This gene belongs to the chemokine like factor gene superfamily, a novel family that is similar to the chemokine and the transmembrane 4 superfamilies of signaling molecules. The protein encoded by this gene may play an important role in testicular development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

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May participate in RNA metabolism in the myelinating cell, CNP is the third most abundant protein in central nervous system myelin.

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The ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family comprises a group of structurally and functionally conserved 21 kDa proteins, which are members of the Ras superfamily of regulatory GTP-binding proteins. Arf is involved in intracellular protein traffic to and within the Golgi complex. Arf has a number of disparate activities including maintenance of organelle integrity, assembly of coat proteins, as a co-factor for cholera toxin and as an activator of phospholipase D. Like other small GTPases, Arf is found to be active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP. Arf’s activation is dependent upon guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which increase the rate of exchange of bound GDP with GTP. All GEFs have a highly conserved Sec7 domain. GEF activity lies in the Sec7 domain and this activity has been shown to be inhibited by the fungal metabolite brefeldin-A (BFA). A small group of GEFs which are insensitive to brefeldin-A (BFA) include cytohesin-1 (B2-1), cytohesin-2 (ARNO), cytohesin-3 (ARNO3), and cytohesin-4. All cytohesins function in the cell periphery and contain a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. The PH domain has been shown to interact with phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate and is believed to promote membrane targeting of the cytohesins. Recruitment of the cytohesins to the membranes can occur in response to tyrosine kinase receptor activation. This response appears to require the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase).

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Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF10A/TRAILR1, TNFRSF10B/TRAILR2, TNFRSF10C/TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D/TRAILR4 and possibly also to TNFRSF11B/OPG. Induces apoptosis. Its activity may be modulated by binding to the decoy receptors TNFRSF10C/TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D/TRAILR4 and TNFRSF11B/OPG that cannot induce apoptosis.

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Hydrolyzes the toxic metabolites of a variety of organophosphorus insecticides. Capable of hydrolyzing a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and lactones, and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Mediates an enzymatic protection of low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to atheroma formation.

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Acts as a transcriptional activator. May regulate the transcription of specific genes during normal development. May play a role in craniofacial development and digital development, as well as development of the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Mediates SHH signaling and thus cell proliferation and differentiation.

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Plays a role as a modulator of TGF-beta-signaling by restricting substrate specificity of RNF111. Involved in autophagy. Regulates early events but also late events of autophagosome formation through direct interaction with Atg16L1. Required for the formation of the autophagosome-like double-membrane structure that surrounds the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) duting S.typhimurium infection and subsequent xenophagy. Autophagy positively regulates repair of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and negatively regulates apoptosis. Plays an indispensible role in fetal hematopoiesis and in the regulation of neuronal homeostasis (By similarity). Implicated in the regulation of RB1 expression. Functions as a DNA-binding transcription factor. Is a potent regulator of the RB1 pathway and a mediator that plays a crucial role in muscular differentiation. Expression is, thus, a prerequisite for myogenic differentiation. Inhibits PTK2/FAK1 and PTK2B/PYK2 activity and activation of downstream signaling pathways.

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COMMD3 is widely expressed, with highest expression in thymus.