45955 Results for: "Dibutyl+carbonate&pageNo=88"

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This gene encodes an enzyme belonging to the protein tyrosine kinase family, and it plays a role in T-cell development and lymphocyte activation. This enzyme, which is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation, functions in the initial step of TCR-mediated signal transduction in combination with the Src family kinases, Lck and Fyn. This enzyme is also essential for thymocyte development. Mutations in this gene cause selective T-cell defect, a severe combined immunodeficiency disease characterized by a selective absence of CD8-positive T-cells. Two transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(o) protein function is not clear. Stimulated by RGS14.

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Receptor for erythropoietin. Mediates erythropoietin-induced erythroblast proliferation and differentiation. Upon EPO stimulation, EPOR dimerizes triggering the JAK2/STAT5 signaling cascade. In some cell types, can also activate STAT1 and STAT3. May also activate the LYN tyrosine kinase. Isoform EPOR-T acts as a dominant-negative receptor of EPOR-mediated signaling.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan that is closely related in structure to two other small proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin. The encoded protein and decorin are thought to be the result of a gene duplication. Decorin contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain, while this protein probably contains two chains. For this reason, this protein is called biglycan. This protein plays a role in assembly of collagen fibrils and muscle regeneration. It interacts with several proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, including alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan and collagen VI, and it is critical for the assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

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The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane signaling enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate to 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), using calcium as a cofactor. IP3 and DAG are second messenger molecules important for transmitting signals from growth factor receptors and immune system receptors across the cell membrane. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011].

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Adapter protein that links FGR and NGF receptors to downstream signaling pathways. Involved in the activation of MAP kinases. Modulates signaling via SHC1 by competing for a common binding site on NTRK1.Tissue specificity:Highly expressed in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and testis.

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This gene encodes a member of the ZAR1 family that is predominantly expressed in oocytes and early embryos. The protein may function as an RNA regulator in early embryos.

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Luciferase from the firefly has become one of the more widely used reporter proteins for the study of gene expression. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which requires the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP. Mixing these reagents with the cell extract containing luciferase, results in a flash of light that decays rapidly. This light can be detected by a luminometer. The total light emission is proportional to the luciferase activity of the sample.

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PLSCR3 (phospholipid scramblase 3) may mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane. May play a central role in the initiation of fibrin clot formation, in the activation of mast cells and in the recognition of apoptotic and injured cells by the reticuloendothelial system. Members of this family, PLS1 and PLS3 are both substrates of Protein kinase C (PKC) delta and are phosphorylated by PKC-delta during apoptosis. PKC-delta translocates to mitochondria during apoptosis and phosphorylates PLS3. Overexpression of PLS3 in the HEK293 cells enhanced apoptosis induced by UV-irradiation.

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Mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles. It can serve as a ligand for the LDL (apo B/E) receptor and for the specific apo-E receptor (chylomicron remnant) of hepatic tissues.

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Hephaestin is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the multicopper oxidase family of proteins. Hephaestin, a copper-dependant ferroxidase protein, is crucial for iron exiting intestinal enterocytes into the circulation. It mediates the movement of iron across the basolateral membrane in conjunction with ferroportin 1. This is an important link between iron and copper metabolism in mammalian systems, as copper deficiency leads to reduced hephaestin and reduced iron absorption resulting in anemia. Hephaestin can bind six copper ions per monomer and is regulated by the homeobox transcription factor CDX2. Increased levels of iron leads to an increase in CDX2 expression and thus Hephaestin. Hephaestin is primarily detected in the intestine, but is also expressed in colon, breast, bone trabecural cells and fibroblasts.

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Interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor gamma chain (IL5212R gamma) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by a variety of leukocytes including T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. IL2R gamma is also known as CD132, common cytokine receptor gamma chain, and gamma c. IL2R gamma forms complexes with other cell surface proteins including CD25 (IL2R alpha), CD122 (IL2R beta), CD124 (IL4R alpha), CD127 (IL7R), and others. IL2R gamma complexed with other cell surface proteins forms receptors for the cytokines IL2, IL4, IL7, IL9, and IL15. Acting through the IL2R gamma containing complexes, these cytokines regulate lymphocyte development and activation. Chemical cross linking experiments reveal that IL2R gamma is able to bind cytokines only when complexed with these other cell surface proteins. In addition to interacting with other cell surface glycoproteins, IL2R gamma associates with several cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases including JAK3 (Janus Kinase 3), JAK1, Syc, and Lyc. Cytokine binding to the IL2R gamma containing receptor complexes activates these tyrosine kinases. Once activated, these tyrosine kinases phosphorylate their associated receptors, creating docking sites for signaling molecules such as PI 3 kinase. The activated tyrosine kinases also phosphorylate downstream regulators including STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3), STAT5, and STAT6. The various cytokines that bind to IL2R gamma containing receptor complexes exert their effects through unique repertoires of cytoplasmic signaling molecules. IL2, IL7, and IL9 exert their effects through cascades, which activate STAT3 and STAT5, while IL4 activates STAT6. IL2 and IL15 exert their effects through cascades, which activate the MAP kinase cascade. IL7 exerts its effects through a cascade that results in VDJ immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.

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PCGF1 is a component of the Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein BCOR complex, a complex required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of some genes, such as BCL6 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1A. It represses CDKN1A expression by binding to its promoter, and this repression is dependent on the retinoic acid response element (RARE element). PCGF1 als promotes cell cycle progression and also enhances cell proliferation, thus it may have a positive role in tumor cell growth.

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Acid sensing ion channel ASIC1 is present in brain as a 4.3-kb transcript with localization to rat dorsal root ganglia. In situ hybridization of rat brain suggests that ASIC1 is most abundant in the main olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, habenula, basolateral amygdaloid nuclei and cerebellum. ASIC1 and H+-gated currents may contribute to the development of fear and anxiety. ASIC2, also designated amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1, neuronal (ACCN1), mammalian degenerin, BNAC1 (MDEG) and brain Na+ channel 1, mediates the normal detection of light touch. ASIC2 mRNA is abundant in brain, specifically in neurons. ASIC2 is expressed as 2.7- and 3.7-kb transcripts in brain and spinal cord tissues. ASIC3, also designated SLNAC1 and TNaC1, mediates detection of lasting pH changes and is involved in modulating moderate- to high-intensity pain sensation. ASIC4, also designated ACCN4 and BNAC4, is abundant in pituitary gland and is also present in the inner ear.

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Chromosome 16 encodes over 900 genes in approximately 90 million base pairs, makes up nearly 3% of human cellular DNA and is associated with a variety of genetic disorders. The GAN gene is located on chromosome 16 and, with mutation, may lead to giant axonal neuropathy, a nervous system disorder characterized by increasing malfunction with growth. The rare disorder Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is also associated with chromosome 16, though through the CREBBP gene which encodes a critical CREB binding protein. Signs of Rubinstein-Taybi include mental retardation and predisposition to tumor growth and white blood cell neoplasias. Crohn's disease is a gastrointestinal inflammatory condition associated with chromosome 16 through the NOD2 gene. An association with systemic lupus erythematosis and a number of other autoimmune disorders with the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has led to the identification of SLC5A11 as a potential autoimmune modifier. The C16orf72 gene product has been provisionally designated C16orf72 pending further characterization.

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C5orf20 is a intronless gene is specifically expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent antigen-presenting cells involved in activating naive T cells to initiate antigen-specific immune response. The encoded protein is localized mainly in the perinucleus. One of the alleles (A/T) of this gene, that causes premature translation termination at aa 117, has been associated with an increased prevalence of major depression in humans

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TROY is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. This receptor is highly expressed during embryonic development. It has been shown to interact with TRAF family members, and to activate the JNK signaling pathway when overexpressed in cells. This receptor is capable of inducing apoptosis by a caspase-independent mechanism, and it is thought to play an essential role in embryonic development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.

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The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.

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HCV is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family. The genome is approximately 10,000 nucleotides and encodes a single polyprotein of about 3,000 amino acids. The polyprotein is processed by host cell and viral proteases into three major structural proteins and several non-structural protein necessary for viral replication. Several different genotypes of HCV with slightly different genomic sequences have since been identified that correlate with differences in response to treatment with interferon alpha.

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RTF1 is the the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the rat which contains genes that code for two class II histocompatibility antigens. RT1-B is an antigen of the RT1 complex. It is a protein dimer consisting of an alpha and beta glycoprotein chain and is homologous to I-A and I-E genes, respectively, in the H-2 complex of the mouse. MHC Class II antigens are useful in studying T helper cell interaction with class II positive antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages) and offer new possibilities for studying the development of T helper cells since these also stain stromal cells in the thymus.

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Sam 68 is a protein that is phosphorylated on tyrosine and functions as a substrate for Src family tyrosine kinases during mitosis. Sam 68 also associates with several SH2 and SH3 domain-containing signaling proteins, such as GRB2 and PLC ?. Originally cloned as Ras GAP-associated p62, further investigations have shown that Sam 68 and Ras GAP-associated p62 are not antigenically related, nor are they encoded by the same gene. Like Sam 68, the Sam 68-like mammalian proteins, SLM-1 and SLM-2, demonstrate RNA binding activity. Also like Sam 68, SLM-1 is tyrosine phosphorylated and functions as an adapter protein for signaling molecules, including GRB2, PLC ?, Fyn and Ras GAP. SLM-2 is not tyrosine phosphorylated, nor does it appear to associate with GRB2, PLC ?, Fyn or Ras GAP, indicating that SLM-2 may not be an adapter protein for these proteins.

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Gelsolin is a calcium dependent actin binding protein. It is a potent modulator of actin filament length and gelation. Gelsolin has been shown to exist in at least two variant forms, cytoplasmic gelsolin and plasma gelsolin. Plasma gelsolin has also been called actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) or brevin. Human plasma and rabbit macrophage gelsolins differ by the presence of a 25 amino acid residue extension at the NH2 terminus in the human plasma gelsolin, which appears to account for the difference in relative molecular weights.

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Non-neuronal microtubule-associated protein. Promotes microtubule assembly.

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This gene belongs to the chemokine like factor gene superfamily, a novel family that is similar to the chemokine and the transmembrane 4 superfamilies of signaling molecules. The protein encoded by this gene may play an important role in testicular development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

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Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF and other growth factors. May mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. Activated by IL31 through IL31RA. Cytoplasmic STAT3 represses macroautophagy by inhibiting EIF2AK2/PKR activity. Plays an important role in host defense in methicillin-resistant S.aureus lung infection by regulating the expression of the antimicrobial lectin REG3G (By similarity).

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Plays an essential role in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short chain fatty acids. Exerts it highest activity toward 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA.

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Transducin is a 3-subunit guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) which stimulates the coupling of rhodopsin and cGMP-phoshodiesterase during visual impulses. The transducin alpha subunits in rods and cones are encoded by separate genes. This gene encodes the alpha subunit in cones.

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Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are responsible for several insulin related activities, such as glucose homeostasis, cell growth, cell transformation, apoptosis and insulin signal transduction. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS1 has been demonstrated to be a negative regulator of insulin signaling and is responsible for its degradation, although IRS1 degradation pathways are not well understood. IRS1 has also been shown to be constitutively activated in cancers such as breast cancer, Wilm's tumors, and adrenal cortical carcinomas, thus making IRS1 phosphorylation and subsequent degradation an attractive therapeutic target. To date there have been four subtypes identified: IRS1, 2, 3 and 4, with IRS1 being widely expressed.

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Tau proteins are important Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. Tau proteins subcellular located in the axons of neurons, in the cytoso l and in association with plasma membrane components. It expressed in neurons. PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system.

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Target of p53/TP53 with pro-apoptotic function.