41287 Results for: "Butyraldehyde+dibutyl+acetal&pageNo=67"

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The enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) is a lipid kinase that generates phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-triphosphate in response to receptor activation in many signal transduction pathways. Class IA PI3Ks exist as a heterodimer of a catalytic 110 kDa (p110) and a regulatory p85 subunit (e.g. p85 alpha). p85 alpha is an adaptor molecule that regulates the activity of the catalytic p110 subunit by binding to phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) through its SH2 domain and mediating the interaction between p110 and the plasma membrane. p85 alpha is necessary for insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues.

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RNF160 may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.

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Exendin 4 is a 39 amino acid peptide found in venom from the Gila monster Helicoderma suspectum. It is a member of the glucagon secretin family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides. Exendin 4 is a potent agonist of the GLP1 receptor and hence a potent stimulator of insulin secretion.

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EGR3 is a member of the early growth response transcription factor family of C2H2 zinc finger proteins (other members EGR1, EGR2 and EGR4). EGR proteins are immediate early proteins, expression of which is swiftly upregulated in response to a wide range of extracellular stimuli. EGR3 is also thought to be involved in development of muscle spindles, and is upregulated in several regions of the brain in response to stress or injury.

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The cerebral and vascular plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease are mainly composed of Amyloid beta peptides. beta Amyloid is derived from cleavage of the Amyloid precursor protein and varies in length from 39 to 43 amino acids. beta Amyloid [1-40], beta Amyloid [1-42], and beta Amyloid [1-43] peptides result from cleavage of Amyloid precursor protein after residues 40, 42, and 43, respectively. The cleavage takes place by gamma-secretase during the last Amyloid precursor protein processing step. beta Amyloid [1-40], beta Amyloid [1-42], and beta Amyloid [1-43] peptides are major constituents of the plaques and tangles that occur in Alzheimer's disease. beta Amyloid and peptides have been developed as tools for elucidating the biology of Alzheimer's disease.

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Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis.

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C6orf106 is a Making up nearly 6% of the human genome, chromosome 6 contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda is associated with chromosome 6 through the HFE gene which, when mutated, predisposes an individual to developing this porphyria. Notably, the PARK2 gene, which is associated with Parkinson's disease, and the genes encoding the major histocompatiblity complex proteins, which are key molecular components of the immune system and determine predisposition to rheumatic diseases, are also located on chromosome 6. Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6. A bipolar disorder susceptibility locus has been identified on the q arm of chromosome 6. The C6orf106 gene product has been provisionally designated C6orf106 pending further characterization.

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Transcriptional coactivator which acts as a downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein STK3/MST2 and STK4/MST1, in complex with its regulatory protein SAV1, phosphorylates and activates LATS1/2 in complex with its regulatory protein MOB1, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates YAP1 oncoprotein and WWTR1/TAZ. WWTR1 enhances PAX8 and NKX2-1/TTF1-dependent gene activation. Regulates the nuclear accumulation of SMADS and has a key role in coupling them to the transcriptional machinery such as the mediator complex. Regulates embryonic stem-cell self-renewal, promotes cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

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Dab1, a homolog of the Drosophila Disabled protein, is an adaptor protein involved in neural development. This cytoplasmic protein is tyrosine-phosphorylated during rapid expansion of the developing nervous system, and it is thought to interact with other proteins via a domain similar to the PTB domains of the Shc family. Dab1 has been shown to interact with the SH2 domains of Src, Fyn and Abl (1). Mutations in Dab1 result in widespread abnormalities in the brain, similar to those seen in Reelin mutants (2). Reelin is a secreted protein thought to play a role in directing migrating neurons (3). Evidence suggests that Dab1 functions downstream of Reelin in a signaling pathway involved in positioning cells in the developing brain (4). Dab2 (also designated DOC-2) is a mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein that binds the SH3 domain of Grb2, and it is thought to be a negative regulator of growth (5).

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Ig delta chain C region is an allelic product of the human IGHD gene. The two known IGHD alleles, IGHD*01 and IGHD*02, respectively produce isoforms 1, a secreted protein, and 2, a single-pass type I membrane protein. A member of the adaptive immune system, IgD are monomers expressed by activated B cells. Containing 3 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains, IgD chain C is located on chromosome 14 within the human heavy chain locus, lying on the 3? side of the IgM chain C region from the V-D-J cassette. Polyadenylation at certain sites along the heavy chain locus likely effects the mechanism that determines the alternative splicing event which results in the expression of either IgD chain C or IgM chain C. Some studies have suggested that antigenic coactivation of IgD+ B cells can have a negative influence on bone resorption during infectious events.

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SPTLC1

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Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (Ebi3) is a widely expressed homolog to the interleukin IL-12 p40 subunit protein that forms a heterodimer with either IL-12 p35 or an IL-12 p35 homolog, p28, to create a new cytokine (IL-27). Ebi3 may function to antagonize IL-12 and to inhibit the development of a Th1 immune response. Ebi3 is strongly expressed in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, independently of the EBV status of the tumor cells. Ebi2 is expressed in B-lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues and may function in the modulation of the immune system. Out of the nine genes that are induced by the Epstein-Barr virus, Ebi2 exhibits the highest levels of up-regulation. In addition, Ebi2 may play a role mediating normal lymphocyte functions.

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IKK beta (I-Kappa-B kinase-beta) is a member of the IKK complex which is composed of IKK alpha, IKK beta, IKK gamma and IKAP. Phosphorylation of I-Kappa-B on a serine residue by the IKK complex frees NF-kB from I-Kappa-B and marks it for degradation via ubiquination. IKK beta has been shown to activate NF-kB and phosphorylate IKB alpha and beta. Phosphorylation of 2 sites at the activation loop of IKK beta is essential for activation of IKK by TNF and IL1. Once activated, IKK beta autophosphorylates which in turn decreases IKK activity and prevents prolonged activation of the inflammatory response. Additionally, IKK beta activity can also be regulated by MEKK1.

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Beta Arrestin 1 is a member of a family of proteins that are widely expressed but especially abundant in the central nervous system. Serving as an adaptor or scaffold molecule, beta Arrestin 1 is essential for mitogenic signaling. It mediates agonist dependent desensitization and internalization of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs, e.g., beta 2 adrenergic receptor). After binding to their ligand and interacting with heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCRs are phosphorylated by G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) on serine residues. Beta Arrestin 1 has important roles in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane in the desensitization and internalization of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is increasingly appreciated to play an important role in the endocytosis and signaling of GPCRs. Beta Arrestin 1 in the cytosol is phosphorylated by ERK1 and 2 on serine 412 in a negative feedback mechanism and binds to the phosphorylated receptors at the plasma membrane. Serine 412 is then dephosphorylated and the GPCRs are internalized, leading to activation of the Ras, Raf, ERK1 and 2 signaling pathway.

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p53 activated protein 2

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Lamins are nuclear membrane proteins that serve to maintain specific cellular functions, such as DNA replication and chromatin organization. Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane. It is phosphorylated by CDC2 protein kinase in mitosis when the inner nuclear membrane breaks down into vesicles that dissociate from the lamina and the chromatin. It is phosphorylated by different protein kinases in interphase when the membrane is associated with these structures. The cleavage of lamins results in nuclear disregulation and cell death.

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The Crk-I and Crk-II forms differ in their biological activities. Crk-II has less transforming activity than Crk-I. Crk-II mediates attachment-induced MAPK8 activation, membrane ruffling and cell motility in a Rac-dependent manner. Involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility via its interaction with DOCK1 and DOCK4. May regulate the EFNA5-EPHA3 signaling.

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The coiled-coil domain is a structural motif found in proteins that are involved in a diverse array of biological functions such as the regulation of gene expression, cell division, membrane fusion, and drug extrusion and delivery. CCDC83 (coiled-coil domain-containing protein 83), also known as HSD9, is 413 amino acid protein that exists as three alternatively spliced isoforms. The gene encoding CCDC83 maps to human chromosome 11, which houses over 1,400 genes and comprises nearly 4% of the human genome. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Jacobsen syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, hereditary angioedema and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are associated with defects in genes that maps to chromosome 11.

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Cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with low-efficiency ribonuclease activity. Possesses a wide variety of biological activities. Exhibits antibacterial activity, including cytoplasmic membrane depolarization of preferentially Gram-negative, but also Gram-positive strains. Promotes E.coli outer membrane detachment, alteration of the overall cell shape and partial loss of cell content.

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C21orf54

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Nudel is important for normal cortical development. It is invovled in microtubule organization, nuclear translocation, and neuronal positioning in concert with various other factors (including Lis1, Pafah1b1, Pahfah1b2, dynein, dynorphin A and cdk5). Western blot analysis of mouse tissues shows abundant expression of Nudel in brain and testis, and much lower expression in heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle. In fractionated rat brain, Nudel and Lis1 are both found in fractions enriched for postsynaptic density proteins. Immunostaining of embryonic day 18 mouse brain sections revealed staining of migrating neurons and thalamocortical axons of the intermediate zone of the developing cerebral cortex, as well as several other developing brain regions. The deduced protein contains 345 amino acids and has a calculated molecular mass of 38.4 kDa. It has a coiled coil motif (residues 19 to 201), followed by several potential phosphorylation sites for casein kinase II, protein kinase C or CDK5. Nudel shares about 50% identity with mouse and human NUDE proteins.

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RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events by binding to 5'-UGCAUGU-3' elements. Regulates alternative splicing of tissue-specific exons and of differentially spliced exons during erythropoiesis.Predominantly expressed in muscle and brain.

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Participates in antiviral signaling. Acts as a negative regulator of MAVS-mediated antiviral responses, through the inhibition of the virus-induced RLH (RIG-like helicase)-MAVS interaction (PubMed:18200010). Has no inhibitory function on NF-Kappa-B and type 1 interferon signaling pathways, but enhances NF-Kappa-B and JUN N-terminal kinase dependent signaling through the production of reactive oxygen species (PubMed:18219313).

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This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel, which when activated causes fast, depolarizing responses in neurons. It is a cation-specific, but otherwise relatively nonselective, ion channel.

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C1orf186

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This gene encodes a receptor for anthrax toxin. The protein binds to collagen IV and laminin, suggesting that it may be involved in extracellular matrix adhesion. Mutations in this gene cause juvenile hyaline fibromatosis and infantile systemic hyalinosis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009].

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Key regulator of protein phosphatase 1C (PPP1C). Mediates binding to myosin. As part of the PPP1C complex, involved in dephosphorylation of PLK1. Capable of inhibiting HIF1AN-dependent suppression of HIF1A activity.

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Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling.

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Separase is a cysteine protease that is essential for mitotic progression by separating sister chromatids. Each cell must receive one chromatid of every chromosome, during mitosis. Cohesin plays an important role in cohering sister chromatids during the prophase through anaphase stages of mitosis, making certain that genomic information is replicated accurately. As the cellular division process continues, separase destroys cohesin by means of cleavage, allowing the chromatids to separate and divide with the cell. Separase activity is highly regulated. It not only cleaves cohesin at the onset of anaphase but also cleaves itself, promoting downregulation of separase after anaphase. Should a human cell become an aneuploid (one too many or too few chromatids), the embryo most likely will not survive. Should the embryo survive, it will most likely develop severe birth defects or later develop malignant cancers.

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Encoding over 1,100 genes within 132 million bases, chromosome 12 makes up about 4.5% of the human genome. A number of skeletal deformities are linked to chromosome 12 including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis and Kniest dysplasia. Noonan syndrome, which includes heart and facial developmental defects among the primary symptoms, is caused by a mutant form of PTPN11 gene product, SH-PTP2. Chromosome 12 is also home to a homeobox gene cluster which encodes crucial transcription factors for morphogenesis, and the natural killer complex gene cluster encoding C-type lectin proteins which mediate the NK cell response to MHC I interaction. Trisomy 12p leads to facial development defects, seizure disorders and a host of other symptoms varying in severity depending on the extent of mosaicism and is most severe in cases of complete trisomy. The C12orf52 gene product has been provisionally designated C12orf52 pending further characterization.