"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of 25-26 kDa, identified as the bcl-2 α oncoprotein. It shows no cross-reaction with Bcl-x or Bax protein. Expression of bcl-2 α oncoprotein inhibits the programmed cell death (apoptosis). In most follicular lymphomas, neoplastic germinal centers express high levels of bcl-2 α protein, whereas the normal or hyperplastic germinal centers are negative. Consequently, this antibody is valuable when distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic follicular proliferation in lymph node biopsies. It may also be used in distinguishing between those follicular lymphomas that express bcl-2 protein and the small number in which the neoplastic cells are bcl-2 negative.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 33-55 kDa, identified as CD37 (Workshop V; Code CD37.7). CD37 is strongly expressed on normal and neoplastic mature (sIg ) B-lymphocytes. In B-cell ontogeny, CD37 appears after the pre-B-cell stage, is maintained during peripheral B-cell development and is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells.1 CD37 is also present, at low densities, on resting and activated T cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and some myelomonocytic leukemia cells. It is absent from platelets, erythrocytes. CD37 is a member of a family of tetraspan transmembrane proteins, including CD9, CD53, CD63, CD81, and CD82. It associates other tetraspan transmembrane proteins and MHC class II molecules to form a large complex at the surface of B cells and play a role in signal transduction. CD37 is a valuable and stable marker for peripheral mature B-cells and corresponding malignancies like B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and all types of B-cell non-Hodgkin'' lymphoma (B-NHL).

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of 75 kDa, identified as low affinity Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Receptor (p75NGFR) or Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR). NGFR is expressed in various neural crest cells and their tumors such as melanocytes, melanomas, neuroblastomas, pheochromocytomas and neurofibromas. Reportedly, anti-NGFR is a reliable marker for desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas. NGFR is expressed in mature non-neural cells such as perivascular cells, dental pulp cells, lymphoidal follicular dendritic cells, basal epithelium of oral mucosa and hair follicles, prostate basal cells, and myoepithelial cells. Anti-NGFR stains the myoepithelial cells of breast ducts and intra-lobular fibroblasts of breast ducts.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a cluster of proteins between 70-80 kDa, identified as tyrosinase. Occasionally a minor band at 55 kDa is also detected. This MAb shows no cross-reaction with MAGE-1 and tyrosinase-related protein 1, TRP-1/gp75. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloglycoprotein that catalyzes several steps in the melanin pigment biosynthetic pathway; the hydroxylation of tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (dopa), and the subsequent oxidation of dopa to dopaquinone. Mutations of the tyrosinase gene occur in various forms of albinism. Tyrosinase is one of the targets for cytotoxic T-cell recognition in melanoma patients. Staining of melanomas with this MAb shows tyrosinase in melanotic as well as amelanotic variants. This MAb is a useful marker for melanocytes and melanomas.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a protein of 22 kDa, identified as beta subunit of HCG. It does not cross react with the alpha subunit. HCG is a glycoprotein, which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). hCG MAb detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate anti-hCG positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively. 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. hCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.

Supplier: Biotium

Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). CK8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibodies that recognize only cytokeratin 8 and 18. CK8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Anti-CK8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against CK8, CK18 and CK19). Reportedly, anti-CK8 is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a single chain, transmembrane, heavily glycosylated protein of 90-120 kDa, which is identified as CD34. Its expression is a hallmark for identifying pluripotent hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Its expression is gradually lost as lineage committed progenitors differentiate. CD34 is a marker of choice for staining blasts in acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, CD34 is expressed by soft tissue tumors, such as solitary fibrous tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Its expression is also found in vascular endothelium. Additionally, it appears that proliferating endothelial cells express this molecule more than the non-proliferating endothelial cells. Anti-CD34 labels > 85% of angiosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, but with a lower specificity.

Supplier: Biotium

CA19-9, a carbohydrate epitope expressed on a high MW (>400 kDa) mucin glycoprotein, is a sialyl Lewisa structure which is synthesized from type 1 blood group precursor chains and is present in individuals expressing the Lewisa and/or Lewisb blood group antigens. In normal tissues, sialyl Lewisa antigen is present in ductal epithelium of the breast, kidney, salivary gland, and sweat glands. Its expression is greatly enhanced in serum as well as in the majority of tumor cells in gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas, including adenocarcinomas of the stomach, intestine, and pancreas. Preoperative elevated CA19-9 levels in patients with stage I pancreatic carcinoma decrease to normal values following surgery. When used serially, CA19-9 can predict recurrence of disease prior to radiographic or clinical findings. This MAb is excellent for staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Supplier: Biotium

UACA (Uveal Autoantigen with Coiled-coil domains and Ankyrin repeats) is a 1,416 amino acid nuclear membrane protein. It was originally identified as an autoantigen in patients with panuveitis, a characteristic of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, and in patients with Graves' disease. UACA was also later identified as Nucling, an mRNA differentially expressed in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells during cardiac muscle differentiation. UACA appears to function as a pro-apoptotic protein that recruits the apaf-1-pro-caspase-9 complex for the induction of apoptosis to mediate the cell-death pathway.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a 60 kDa protein, identified as the heat shock protein 60 (hsp60). Its epitope is localized between aa 383-447 of human hsp60. A wide variety of environmental and pathophysiological stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of a family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (hsp), more appropriately called as stress response proteins (srp). hsp60 is a potential antigen in a number of autoimmune diseases. In human arthritis and in experimentally induced arthritis in animals, disease development coincides with the development of immune reactivity directed against not only bacterial hsp60, but also against its mammalian homolog. Clone LK1, unlike LK2, recognizes only the mammalian (not bacterial) hsp60 and is useful in distinguishing hsp60 from mammals and bacteria.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes the CD45 leukocyte common antigen (LCA) family which is comprised of at least four isoforms of membrane glycoproteins (220, 205, 190, 180 kDa) expressed on hematopoietic cell lines but absent on non-hematopoietic cell lines, normal and malignant non-hematopoietic tissues. The intracellular portions of these molecules have protein phosphatase activity and are involved in regulation of transmembrane signals. Antibody to CD45 is useful in differential diagnosis of lymphoid tumors from non-hematopoietic undifferentiated neoplasms. A positive result with this MAb is highly indicative of lymphoid or myeloid origin. Certain types of lymphoid neoplasms may lack CD45 (Hodgkin lymphoma, some T-cell lymphomas, and some leukemias) so its absence does not rule out a hematolymphoid tumor. This antibody is expressed almost exclusively by cells of hematopoietic lineage and is present in most benign and malignant lymphocytes as well as plasma cell precursors.

Supplier: Biotium

A disulphide-linked heterodimer, consisting of mb-1 (or CD79a) and B29 (or CD79b) polypeptides, is non-covalently associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulins on B cells. This complex of mb-1 and B29 polypeptides and immunoglobulin constitute the B cell Ag receptor. CD79a first appears at pre B cell stage, early in maturation, and persists until the plasma cell stage where it is found as an intracellular component. CD79a is found in the majority of acute leukemias of precursor B cell type, in B cell lines, B cell lymphomas, and in some myelomas. It is not present in myeloid or T cell lines. Anti-CD79a is generally used to complement anti-CD20 especially for mature B-cell lymphomas after treatment with Rituximab (anti-CD20). This antibody will stain many of the same lymphomas as anti-CD20, but also is more likely to stain B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia than is anti-CD20. Anti-CD79a also stains more cases of plasma cell myeloma and occasionally some types of endothelial cells as well.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 36 kDa, identified as cyclin D1. Cyclin D1, one of the key cell cycle regulators, is a putative proto-oncogene overexpressed in a wide variety of human neoplasms. This antibody neutralizes the activity of cyclin D1 in vivo. About 60% of mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) contain a t(11; 14)(q13; q32) translocation resulting in over-expression of cyclin D1. This antibody is useful in identifying mantle cell lymphomas (cyclin D1 positive) from CLL/SLL and follicular lymphomas (cyclin D1 negative). About 40% of breast carcinomas are positive for Cyclin D1. Occasionally, hairy cell leukemia and plasma cell myeloma weakly express Cyclin D1.

Supplier: Biotium

Reacts with five invariable CD3 chains (designated as and ) with molecular weight ranging from 16-28 kDa. CD3 is expressed, typically at high levels, on peripheral T cells and majority of T cell neoplasms. Thymocytes express CD3 at different level on the cell surface in the course of differentiation and, in cortical thymus, CD3 is predominantly Intracytoplasmic. The CD3 complex is closely associated at the lymphocyte cell surface with T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and is involved in transducing antigen-recognition signals into cytoplasm of T cells and in regulating the cell surface expression of the TCR complex.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with the HLA-DR antigen, a member of MHC class II molecules. It does not cross react with HLA-DP and HLA-DQ. HLA-DR is a heterodimeric cell surface glycoprotein comprised of a 36 kDa alpha (heavy) chain and a 28 kDa beta (light) chain. It is expressed on B-cells, activated T-cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and other non-professional APCs. In conjunction with the CD3/TCR complex and CD4 molecules, HLA-DR is critical for efficient peptide presentation to CD4 T cells. It is an excellent histiocytic marker in paraffin sections producing intense cytoplasmic staining. True histiocytic neoplasms are similarly positive. HLA-DR antigens also occur on a variety of epithelial cells and their corresponding neoplastic counterparts.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes actin of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. It is not reactive with other mesenchymal cells except for myoepithelium. Actin can be resolved on the basis of its isoelectric points into three distinctive components: alpha, beta, and gamma in order of increasing isoelectric point. Anti-muscle specific actin recognizes alpha and gamma isotypes of all muscle groups. Non-muscle cells such as vascular endothelial cells and connective tissues are non-reactive. Also, neoplastic cells of non-muscle-derived tissue such as carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas are negative.It stains tumors of smooth muscle (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas) as well as skeletal muscle (rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas).