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Anti-ZBED3 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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DNA damage or incomplete replication of DNA results in the inhibition of cell cycle progression at the G1 to S or the G2 to M phase transition by conserved regulatory mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints. Checkpoint proteins include Rad17, which is involved in regulating cell cycle progression at the G1 checkpoint as well as Chk1, Chk2, Rad1, Rad9 and Hus1, which are involved in regulating cell cycle arrest at the G2 checkpoint. In response to DNA damage, ATM and ATR kinases are important for cell cycle checkpoint response signalling. ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP), also designated ATM and Rad3-related-interacting protein, is required for checkpoint signaling after DNA damage. It is also important for ATR expression, which regulates DNA replication and damage checkpoint responses. ATRIP is a ubiquitously expressed protein that can form heterodimers with ATR. After dimerization they bind the RPA complex and are recruited to single stranded DNA. ATRIP is a nuclear protein that may also play a role in protein stabilization.

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SH3TC2 (SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2) is a 1,288 amino acid protein that contains one SH3 domain and eight TPR repeats. The SH3TC2 gene encodes a protein expressed in Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, and localized to the plasma membrane and to the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment, suggesting a possible function in myelination and/or in regions of axoglial interactions. The SH3TC2 protein is expressed in adult heart, testis, spinal cord, and brain as well as in fetal brain and liver. Mild mononeuropathy of the median nerve (MNMN) is caused by heterozygous mutation in the SH3TC2 gene. Also, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C (CMT4C) is a more severe neuropathy caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the SH3TC2 gene. Existing as four alternatively spliced isoforms and containing 18 exons, the SH3TC2 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken and zebrafish, and maps to human chromosome 5q32.

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The ProSAP family of proteins contain many protein-protein interaction domains and serve as scaffolding mediators within the post-synaptic density (PSD) of excitatory brain synapses. The PSD is an electron-dense structure underneath the post-synaptic plasma membrane of excitatory synapses that anchors and clusters glutamate receptors opposite to the pre-synaptic neurotransmitter release site. Shank proteins contain PDZ modular domains that coordinate the synaptic localization of ion channels, receptors, signaling enzymes, and cell adhesion molecules. The PDZ domain mediates protein-protein interactions via the recognition of a conserved sequence motif at the C-terminus of their target protein(s). ProSAPiP1 (proline rich synapse associated protein interacting protein 1) is a 673 amino acid protein that interacts with the PDZ domain of Shank 3. ProSAPiP1 expression is brain-specific with highest expression within the cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex.

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icotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAmPRTase) (Nampt) (Pre-B cell-enhancing factor) (Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor 1) (Fisfatin) Catalyzes the condensation of nicotinamide with5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of NAD. It is the rate limiting component in the mammalian NAD biosynthesis pathway. Expressed in large amounts in bone marrow, liver tissue, and muscle. Also present in heart, placenta, lung, and kidney tissues. Subcellular Location is in Cytoplasm. Belongs to the NAPRTase family.

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The C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily consists of a variety of proteins that share a common protein fold and have diverse functions, including cell-cell signaling, cell adhesion, glycoprotein turnover and immune responses. CLEC-9A (C-type lectin domain family 9 member A), also known as DNGR1 (dendritic cell natural killer lectin group receptor 1), is a 241 amino acid single-pass type II membrane protein that contains one C-type lectin domain and belongs to the CTL/CTLD superfamily. Expressed in myeloid lineage cells, brain, spleen and thymus, CLEC-9A is a group V C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR) that acts as an activation receptor. The gene encoding CLEC-9A maps to human chromosome 12p13.2 and mouse chromosome 6 F3.

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cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and is a catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.

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AMAP-1 (AMY-1-binding protein 1), also known as AMAM-1 or MYCBPAP (MYCBP associated protein), is a 947 amino acid protein that is expressed specifically in testis and is involved in spermatogenesis and synaptic processes. AMAP-1 colocalizes with MYCBP (AMY-1) in cytoplasm and also localizes to membrane. The gene encoding AMAP-1 maps to human chromosome 17, which comprises over 2.5% of the human genome and encodes over 1,200 genes. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Tumor suppressor p53 is necessary for maintenance of cellular genetic integrity by moderating cell fate through DNA repair versus cell death. Malfunction or loss of p53 expression is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Like p53, BRCA1 is directly involved in DNA repair, though specifically it is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer and predisposition to cancers of the ovary, colon, prostate gland and fallopian tubes.

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Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules.

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SLC37A4 transports glucose-6-phosphate from the cytoplasm to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It forms a complex with glucose-6-phosphatase which is responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hence, it plays a central role in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels.

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Transaldolase 1 is a key enzyme of the nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway providing ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid biosynthesis. This pathway can also maintain glutathione at a reduced state and thus protect sulfhydryl groups and cellular integrity from oxygen radicals. The functional gene of transaldolase 1 is located on chromosome 11 and a pseudogene is identified on chromosome 1 but there are conflicting map locations. The second and third exon of this gene were developed by insertion of a retrotransposable element. This gene is thought to be involved in multiple sclerosis.

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Retinoids are metabolites of vitamin A (retinal) and are believed to represent important signaling molecules during vertebrate development and tissue differentiation. Two families of retinoid receptors have been identified. Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) include RAR alpha, RAR beta and RAR gamma, each of which has a high affinity for all trans retinoic acids and belongs to the same class of nuclear transcription factors as thyroid hormone receptors, vitamin D3 receptor and ecdysone receptor. The ligand binding domains of the RARs are highly conserved and RAR isoforms are expressed in distinct patterns through out development and in the mature organism. Members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) family, RXR alpha, RXR beta and RXR gamma, are activated by 9 cis retinoic acid, a stereo and photoisomer of all trans RA that is expressed in vivo in both liver and kidney and may represent a widely used hormone.

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Anti-GPR162 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. There are two ACC forms, alpha and beta, encoded by two different genes. ACC-alpha is highly enriched in lipogenic tissues. The enzyme is under long term control at the transcriptional and translational levels and under short term regulation by the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of targeted serine residues and by allosteric transformation by citrate or palmitoyl-CoA. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants divergent in the 5' sequence and encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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May rather modulate immune responses. Triggers cytolytic activity only in natural killer cells (NK) expressing high surface densities of natural cytotoxicity receptors.

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Anti-GPCR TAS1R1 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-GPR135 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-GPCR HM74 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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SEMA6A belongs to a subfamily characterized by an extracellular semaphorin domain, a transmembrane domain, and a long cytoplasmic tail. Members of this class can repel sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion axons in vitro, consistent with a traditional role as guidance signals. However, the length of the cytoplasmic tail, which includes an EVL-binding site in SEMA6A and an Src-binding site in SEMA6B, suggests that these semaphorins may also function as receptors. SEMA6A is expressed in developing neural tissue and is required for proper development of the thalamocortical projection. SEMA6A directly links the Ena/VASP and the semaphorin protein families since the SEMA6A protein is capable of selective binding to the protein EVL (Ena/VASP-like protein.

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Nicastrin is an integral part of the Alzheimers associated gamma-secretase complex. Nicalin, a nicastrin-like protein, is not associated with gamma-secretase but rather interacts with NOMO (Nodal modulator). Nodals are TGF beta signaling factors that control various cell fate decisions during embryonic body planning stages in vertebrate development. The Nicalin/NOMO complex acts to regulate the nodal signaling factors during gastrulation. This regulation most often affects the development of the axial mesoderm. Nodal signaling is an important factor for melanoma cell invasiveness and tumorigenicity and inhibition of this signal can promote melanoma cells reverting back toward a melanocyte phenotype.

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The sense of taste is essential for the survival of organisms. For example, the ability to identify sweet-tasting foods enables animals to seek out food with high nutritive value, whereas the ability to identify bitter substances enables them to avoid the ingestion of potentially harmful substances. A family of integral membrane proteins are involved in taste perception and include T1R, which is involved in sweet taste perception and T2R, which is involved in bitter taste perception. Both types of taste receptors couple to various G proteins to initiate signal transduction cascades. Specifically, T2R50 is expressed in subsets of taste receptor cells of the tongue and exclusively in gustducin-positive cells.

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The regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins inhibit heterotrimeric G protein signaling. RGS proteins work by functioning as GTPase-activators (which increase the GTPase activity of G protein a-subunits) thereby driving G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound form. RGS21 (regulator of G-protein signaling 21) is a 152 amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed and contains one RGS domain. The gene encoding RGS21 maps to human chromosome 1q31.2 and mouse chromosome 1 F. Human chromosome 1 spans 260 million base pairs, contains over 3,000 genes, comprises nearly 8% of the human genome and houses a large number of disease-associated genes, including those that are involved in familial adenomatous polyposis, Stickler syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, Gaucher disease, schizophrenia and Usher syndrome.

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A novel murine and human gene, TBR-1, encodes a putative transcription factor related to the Brachyrury (T) gene that is expressed only in postmitotic cells. T-brain-1 (TBR-1) mRNA is largely restricted to the cerebral cortex, where, during embryogenesis, it defines different regions that give rise to the palecortex, limbic cortex and neocortex (1-3). TBR-1, Pax-6 and Emx-1 are expressed in the mouse and chicken pallium. The pallio-subpallial boundary lies at the interface between the TBR-1 and Dlx-2 expression domains. Chicken genes homolgous to these mouse genes are expressed in topologically comparable patterns during development, suggesting that mouse and chicken may have similar histogenetic specification processes and field homologies (4). CASK/LIN-2, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase, is required for EGFR localization and signaling. In adult rat brain, CASK is concentrated at neuronal synapses and binds to the cell-surface proteins. CASK can interact with TBR-1, which is involved in forebrain development. CASK enters into the nucleus and binds to a specific DNA sequence (the T-element) in a complex with TBR-1. Thus, CASK acts as a coactivator of TBR-1 to induce transcription of T-element containing genes, including reelin (5).

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Sox genes comprise a family of genes that are related to the mammalian sex determining gene SRY. These genes similarly contain sequences that encode for the HMG-box domain, which is responsible for the sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. Sox genes encode putative transcriptional regulators implicated in the decision of cell fates during development and the control of diverse developmental processes. The highly complex group of Sox genes cluster at least 40 different loci that rapidly diverged in various animal lineages. At present, 30 Sox genes have been identified. Members of this family have been shown to be conserved during evolution and to play key roles during animal development. Some are involved in human diseases, including sex reversal.

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The c Abl proto oncogene encodes a protein tyrosine kinase that is located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. In chronic myelogenous leukemia and in a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemias, the c Abl proto oncogene undergoes a (9;22) chromosomal translocation producing a novel rearranged chromosome (the Philadelphia chromosome) As the result of the fusion of c Abl sequences from chromosome 9 to the Bcr gene on chromosome 22. The molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of a chimeric Bcr/Abl mRNA encoding activated Abl protein tyrosine kinase.

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Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. Seems to be coupled to the G(i)/G(o), G(12)/G(13), and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteins. Plays a key role in phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) signaling pathway. Stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity in a manner that is independent of RALA activation.

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Na+/Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters are a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that contain 12 membrane spanning regions (1). Specifically, the highly hydrophobic Na+/Cl- dependent glycine transporters (GlyT) are crucial for the termination of neurotransmission at glycinergic synapses (2,3). Two different GlyT genes encode GlyT2 and GlyT1, which exists as two isoforms produced by alternative splicing of the same gene located on human chromosome 1p31.3 (3,4). The GlyT1 gene may be an early marker of neural development and encodes glia-specific transporter proteins (3). Although GlyT1 and GlyT2 are both expressed in the brain and spinal cord, each shows a unique pattern of expression (3,5,6). GlyT1 is found only in the white matter of the CNS, whereas GlyT2 is found in the gray matter of the CNS as well as in macrophages and mast cells in peripheral tissues (3,5). The anatomic distribution of GlyT2 mRNA suggests that glycine may act as a supraspinal neurotransmitter and may function as a chemical messenger outside the CNS (5).

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Anti-ILK Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Neurotrophin 4 (NT4; synonymous with NT5) belongs to the NGF beta family and is a survival factor for peripheral sensory sympathetic neurons. The expression of this gene is ubiquitous and less influenced by environmental signals. NT4 levels are highest in the prostate, with lower levels in thymus, placenta, and skeletal muscle. NT4 is also expressed in embryonic and adult tissues.

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Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles.