45955 Results for: "1-Methylindol-3-ylacetic+acid&pageNo=88"

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The BTB (Broad-Complex, Tramtrack and Bric a brac) domain, also known as the POZ (Poxvirus and Zinc finger) domain, is an N-terminal homodimerization domain that contains multiple copies of kelch repeats and/or C2H2-type zinc fingers. Proteins that contain BTB domains are thought to be involved in transcriptional regulation via control of chromatin structure and function. The Kelch domain-containing protein 9 (KLHDC9), also designated Kelch/ankyrin repeat-containing cyclin A1-interacting protein (KARCA1), contains 3 Kelch repeats and interacts with CCNA1. The gene encoding KLHDC9 maps to chromosome 1, the largest human chromosome spanning about 260 million base pairs and making up 8% of the human genome. Notably, the rare aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is associated with the LMNA gene of human chromosome 1, which encodes lamin A. Aberrations in chromosome 1 are found in a variety of cancers including head and neck cancer, malignant melanoma and multiple myeloma.

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Component of the nuclear pore complex that has a direct role in nuclear protein import. Actively displaces NLSs from importin-alpha, and facilitates disassembly of the importin-alpha:beta-cargo complex and importin recycling. Interacts with multiple transport receptor proteins including CDKN1B. This interaction is required for correct intracellular transport and degradation of CDKN1B.

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C4orf17 (chromosome 4 open reading frame 17) is a 359 amino acid protein encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 4. Human chromosome 4 represents approximately 6% of the human genome and contains nearly 900 genes. Notably, the Huntingtin gene, which is found to encode an expanded glutamine tract in cases of Huntington's disease, is on chromosome 4. FGFR-3 is also encoded by a gene that is located on chromosome 4, and has been associated with thanatophoric dwarfism, achondroplasia, Muenke syndrome and bladder cancer. Chromosome 4 is also tied to Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, methylmalonic acidemia and polycystic kidney disease.

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WNK1 controls sodium and chloride ion transport by inhibiting the activity of WNK4, potentially by either phosphorylating the kinase or via an interaction between WNK4 and the autoinhibitory domain of WNK1. WNK4 regulates the activity of the thiazide sensitive Na/Cl cotransporter, SLC12A3, by phosphorylation. WNK1 may also play a role in actin cytoskeletal reorganization.

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Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates, which could be nuclear proteins. Could play a role as a coactivator for androgen- and, to a lesser extent, progesterone-dependent transcription.

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TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex, PCAF histone acetylase complex and TBP free TAFII complex (TFTC). TAFs are predicted to mediate the function of distinct transcriptional activators for a variety of gene promoters and RNA polymerases. TAF12 interacts directly with TBP as well as with TAF2I.

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After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The channel is blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin.

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CAB39L

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RUNX3 binds to the core site of murine Leukemia virus, the core sequences in the enhancer of the polyomavirus, and also to the enhancers of the T-cell receptor genes. May be involved in the control of cellular proliferation and/or differentiation (By similarity). Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit binds DNA as a monomer and through the Runt domain.DNA-binding is increased by heterodimerization. Interacts with TLE1 and SUV39H1, Subcellular location in Nucleus.

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Predominantly localized to the nucleolus, BOP1 (Block of proliferation 1 protein) is a 746 amino acid highly conserved non-ribosomal protein that is involved in ribosome biogenesis. Truncation of the amino terminus of BOP1 leads to cell growth arrest in the G1 phase and specific inhibition of 28S and 5.8S rRNA synthesis, as well as a deficit in the cytosolic 60S ribosomal subunit. This suggests that BOP1 is involved in the formation of mature rRNAs and in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. BOP1 physically interacts with pescadillo (a protein involved in cell proliferation) and enables efficient incorporation of pescadillo into the nucleolar preribosomal complexes, thereby affecting rRNA maturation and the cell cycle. The BOP1-pescadillo complex is also necessary for biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Deregulation of BOP1 may lead to colorectal tumorigenesis.

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This gene is an ortholog of the Drosophila fat gene, which encodes a tumor suppressor essential for controlling cell proliferation during Drosophila development. The gene product is a member of the cadherin superfamily, a group of integral membrane proteins characterized by the presence of cadherin-type repeats. In addition to containing 34 tandem cadherin-type repeats, the gene product has five epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and one laminin A-G domain. This gene is expressed at high levels in a number of fetal epithelia. Its product probably functions as an adhesion molecule and/or signaling receptor, and is likely to be important in developmental processes and cell communication. Transcript variants derived from alternative splicing and/or alternative promoter usage exist, but they have not been fully described. [provided by RefSeq].

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SH3MD2 acts as a scaffold protein, contributes to Rac-induced signal transduction such as JNKs (MAPK8 and MAPK9) activation and induces apoptosis. Within a signaling complex, it probably recruits protein kinases such as MAP3K10 or MAP3K11 which are in turn activated leading to the sequential activation of MAP2K4, MAP2K7 and JNKs (MAPK8 and MAPK9). SH3MD2 may be involved in targeting of HIV-1 GAG and GAG-POL polyproteins to the plasma membrane. This gene encodes a protein containing an N-terminus RING-finger, four SH3 domains, and a region implicated in binding of the Rho GTPase Rac. Via the RING-finger, the encoded protein has been shown to function as an ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network. The encoded protein may also act as a scaffold for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway, facilitating the formation of a functional signaling module. There are two named isoforms.

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Serine-type endopeptidase involved in atrial natriuretic peptide hormone (NPPA) processing. Converts through proteolytic cleavage the non-functional propeptide NPPA into the active hormone, thereby regulating blood pressure in heart and promoting natriuresis, diuresis and vasodilation. Proteolytic cleavage of pro-NPPA also plays a role in female pregnancy by promoting trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling in uterus. Also acts as a regulator of sodium reabsorption in kidney. May also process pro-NPPB the B-type natriuretic peptide. Isoform 2: has weaker endopeptidase activity compared to isoform 1.

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Endopeptidase that degrades various components of the extracellular matrix, such as aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (comp), during development, haemostasis and pathological conditions (arthritic disease). May also play a role in neovascularization or angiogenesis. Hydrolyzes collagen type IV, laminin, nidogen, nascin-C isoform, fibronectin, and type I gelatin.

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Fanconi Anemia (FANC) is a human autosomal-recessive cancer susceptibility disorder characterized by congenital defects, progressive bone marrow failure, and cellular hypersensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). The FANC subunit D2 protein is vital for cellular resistance to DNA cross-linking and the arrest of DNA synthesis after ionizing radiation.DNA damage activates the monoubiquitination of FANC D2, targeting nuclear foci containing the BRCA 1 protein.

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NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gene encodes a complex I assembly factor. Mutations in this gene cause progressive encephalopathy resulting from mitochondrial complex I deficiency.

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Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.

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The RAF family of signaling proteins has three isoforms: A RAF, RAF 1 and B RAF. These proteins are instrumental in forwarding the stimulus generated by mitogens from monomeric G proteins to the MAP kinase pathway. RAF 1 is known to be downstream of Ras and binds to it by an N terminal noncatalytic domain. This domain is conserved in A RAF and B RAF. 14-3-3 is also known to be an activator of RAFs. Activated RAF directly phosphorylates and activates MEK. A RAF is expressed at a very high concentration in urogenital and kidney tissues.

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Zinc-finger proteins contain DNA-binding domains and have a wide variety of functions, most of which encompass some form of transcriptional activation or repression. The majority of zinc-finger proteins contain a Krüppel-type DNA binding domain and a KRAB domain, which is thought to interact with KAP1, thereby recruiting histone modifying proteins. As a member of the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family, ZNF619 (Zinc finger protein 619) is a 560 amino acid nuclear protein that contains ten C2H2-type zinc fingers. The gene encoding ZNF619 maps to human chromosome 3, which is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes, including a chemokine receptor (CKR) gene cluster and a variety of human cancer-related gene loci. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3.

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Headpin is a skin-specific, UV-repressible serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) belonging to the ovalbumin serpin family. Headpin is abundant in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, and in lesional keratinocytes from psoriatic skin. Headpin downregulation occurs in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck.

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This gene, a muscle member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, encodes myosin light chain kinase which is a calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme. This kinase phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chains to facilitate myosin interaction with actin filaments to produce contractile activity. This gene encodes both smooth muscle and nonmuscle isoforms. In addition, using a separate promoter in an intron in the 3' region, it encodes telokin, a small protein identical in sequence to the C-terminus of myosin light chain kinase, that is independently expressed in smooth muscle and functions to stabilize unphosphorylated myosin filaments. A pseudogene is located on the p arm of chromosome 3. Four transcript variants that produce four isoforms of the calcium/calmodulin dependent enzyme have been identified as well as two transcripts that produce two isoforms of telokin. Additional variants have been identified but lack full length transcripts. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

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Required for the transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPR) from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network.

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SEPT1 is a member of the septin family of GTPases. Members of this family are required for cytokinesis. SEPT1 is associated with the tau-based paired helical filament core, and may contribute to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

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Vital cellular functions such as cell proliferation and signal transduction are regulated in part by the balance between the activities of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The protein contains a 121 residue extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment, and 2 tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains. The PTP alpha protein is ubiquitously expressed and may play a fundamental role in the physiology of all cells.

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Involved in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) by acting as damage sensing and DNA-binding factor component of the XPC complex. Has only a low DNA repair activity by itself which is stimulated by RAD23B and RAD23A. Has a preference to bind DNA containing a short single-stranded segment but not to damaged oligonucleotides. This feature is proposed to be related to a dynamic sensor function: XPC can rapidly screen duplex DNA for non-hydrogen-bonded bases by forming a transient nucleoprotein intermediate complex which matures into a stable recognition complex through an intrinsic single-stranded DNA-binding activity. The XPC complex is proposed to represent the first factor bound at the sites of DNA damage and together with other core recognition factors, XPA, RPA and the TFIIH complex, is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex. The XPC complex recognizes a wide spectrum of damaged DNA characterized by distortions of the DNA helix such as single-stranded loops, mismatched bubbles or single-stranded overhangs. The orientation of XPC complex binding appears to be crucial for inducing a productive NER. XPC complex is proposed to recognize and to interact with unpaired bases on the undamaged DNA strand which is followed by recruitment of the TFIIH complex and subsequent scanning for lesions in the opposite strand in a 5'-to-3' direction by the NER machinery. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) which are formed upon UV-induced DNA damage esacpe detection by the XPC complex due to a low degree of structural perurbation. Instead they are detected by the UV-DDB complex which in turn recruits and cooperates with the XPC complex in the respective DNA repair. In vitro, the XPC:RAD23B dimer is sufficient to initiate NER; it preferentially binds to cisplatin and UV-damaged double-stranded DNA and also binds to a variety of chemically and structurally diverse DNA adducts.

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Modulator of beta-cells function, acting through the up-regulation of PDX1 and NKX6-1 and consequent stimulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose.

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MIB1 is a 1006 amino acid E3 ubiquitin ligase that activates the Notch ligand, Delta. MIB1 ubiquinates Delta by binding to its intracellular domain, leading to the endocytosis and eventual degradation of the Delta receptor, which, paradoxically, results in the up-regulation of receptor activity and enhances Notch signaling. MIB1 also interacts with DAPK, a protein that plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis. Ubiquination of DAPK leads to inhibition of caspase-dependent apoptosis, therefore it is likely that overexpression of MIB1 can lead to tumor growth. Although it seems to be widely expressed at low levels, MIB1 is expressed at highest concentrations in the CNS and ovary. Both DAPK and MIB1 are overexpressed in epileptic brain tissue, suggesting that they probably cooperate as regulators of neuronal death in epilepsy.

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BCL2 is an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks the apoptotic death of some cells such as lymphocytes. Constitutive expression of BCL2, such as in the case of translocation of BCL2 to Ig heavy chain locus, is thought to be the cause of follicular lymphoma. Two transcript variants (alpha and beta) produced by alternate splicing, differ in their C-terminal ends. BCL2 suppresses apoptosis in a variety of cell systems including factor-dependent lymphohematopoietic and neural cells. It regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial membrane permeability. It appears to function in a feedback loop system with caspases. BCL2 inhibits caspase activity either by preventing the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and/or by binding to the apoptosis-activating factor (APAF1). It can form homodimers, and heterodimers with BAX, BAD, BAK and BclX(L). Heterodimerization with BAX requires intact BH1 and BH2 domains, and is necessary for anti-apoptotic activity.

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E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the degradation of insoluble ubiquitinated proteins, including insoluble PAX6, poly-Gln repeat expanded HTT and poly-Ala repeat expanded ARX. Mediates PAX6 ubiquitination leading to proteasomal degradation, thereby modulating cortical neurogenesis. May also inhibit PAX6 transcriptional activity, possibly in part by preventing the binding of PAX6 to its consensus sequences. May contribute to the regulation of the intracellular level of HN (humanin) or HN-containing proteins through the proteasomal degradation pathway. Mediates MED15 ubiquitination leading to proteasomal degradation. May contribute to the innate restriction of retroviruses. Upon overexpression, reduces HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus infectivity, by suppressing viral gene expression. Antiviral activity depends on a functional E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase domain. May regulate TRIM5 turnover via the proteasome pathway, thus counteracting the TRIM5-mediated cross-species restriction of retroviral infection at early stages of the retroviral life cycle.

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Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome spanning about 260 million base pairs and making up 8% of the human genome. There are about 3,000 genes on chromosome 1, and considering the great number of genes there are also a large number of diseases associated with chromosome 1. Notably, the rare aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is associated with the LMNA gene which encodes lamin A. When defective, the LMNA gene product can build up in the nucleus and cause characteristic nuclear blebs. The mechanism of rapidly enhanced aging is unclear and is a topic of continuing exploration. The MUTYH gene is located on chromosome 1 and is partially responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis. Stickler syndrome, Parkinsons, Gaucher disease and Usher syndrome are also associated with chromosome 1. A breakpoint has been identified in 1q which disrupts the DISC1 gene and is linked to schizophrenia. Aberrations in chromosome 1 are found in a variety of cancers including head and neck cancer, malignant melanoma and multiple myeloma. The C1orf177 gene product has been provisionally designated C1orf177 pending further characterization. There are two isoforms of C1orf177 that are produced as a result of alternative splicing events.