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Expressed in gastric tissues. Down-regulated in gastric cancer.

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Required for assembly of dynein regulatory complex (DRC) and inner dynein arm complexes, which are responsible for ciliary beat regulation, thereby playing a central role in motility in cilia and flagella. Not required for outer dynein arm complexes assembly. Required for axonemal recruitment of CCDC39.Involvement in disease:Defects in CCDC40 are the cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia type 15 (CILD15) . A disorder characterized by abnormalities of motile cilia. Respiratory infections leading to chronic inflammation and bronchiectasis are recurrent, due to defects in the respiratory cilia; reduced fertility is often observed in male patients due to abnormalities of sperm tails. Half of the patients exhibit randomization of left-right body asymmetry and situs inversus, due to dysfunction of monocilia at the embryonic node. Primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with situs inversus is referred to as Kartagener syndrome.

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Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis.

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The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF-2) family of transcription factors associate with co-repessors or co-activators to regulate development and function of T cells, neuronal cells, and muscle cells. Four family members, termed MEF-2A, -2B, -2C, and -2D, arise from alternatively spliced transcripts. These members bind as homo- and heterodimers to the MEF-2 site in the promoter region of affected genes. Differential regulation in the expression of the four transcripts implies functional distinction for each during embryogenesis and development. The process of differentiation from mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts has led to the discovery of a variety of tissue-specific factors that regulate muscle gene expression. The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins, including MyoD, myogenin, Myf-5, and MRF4, are one class of identified factors. The MEF-2 family represents a second class of DNA binding regulatory proteins. Each of these proteins binds to the MEF-2 target DNA sequence present in the regulatory regions of many muscle-specific genes.

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C3orf67

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways involve closely related MAP kinases, including extracellular-signal-related kinase 3 (ERK 3, also designated PRKM6 and p97MAPK). Serum, growth factors and phorbol esters can initiate ERK 3 signaling pathways. Despite lacking a definitive nuclear localization sequence, ERK 3 constitutively localizes to the nucleus upon activation. p38 pathway activation-dependent upregulation of ERK 3 is independent of the status of p53, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 during cell stress and damage induced by proteasome inhibition, suggesting ERK 3 in part mediates intracellular defense or cell rescue. The human ERK 3 gene maps to chromosome 15q21.2 and encodes a 721 amino acid protein.

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Nogo is an oligodendrocyte-specific member of the Reticulon family and is a component of CNS white matter that inhibits axon outgrowth, induces collapse of growth cones of chick dorsal root ganglion cells, and inhibits the spreading of 3T3 fibroblasts. Nogo is expressed by oligodendrocytes but not by Schwann cells and associates primarily with the endoplasmic reticulum. Nogo exists in three different splice forms, Nogo-A, -B and -C. NgBR (Nogo-B receptor), also known as nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog, is a 293 amino acid single-pass type I membrane protein that acts as a specific receptor for the amino-terminus of Nogo-B. Through this interaction, NgBR is involved in the regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. NgBR also enhances Niemann-Pick type C2 protein (NPC2) stabilization. Knockdown of NgBR mRNA leads to decreased NPC2 levels, which results in the hallmarks of NPC2 mutation: increased intracellular cholesterol accumulation and a loss of sterol sensing.

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HHCM is a 467 amino acid protein that has oncogenic transforming capabilities on a variety of different cell lines. When HHCM was transfected into BRL-1 (Buffalo rat liver) or NIH3T3 cells, the cells exhibited significant morphological changes, anchorage independent growth and loss of contact inhibition. When the cells were inoculated into rats and mice, they became highly tumorigenic. HHCM gene-related DNA sequences were found in at least nineteen hepatomas of Asian origin. The gene encoding HHCM maps to human chromosome 8, which is made up of nearly 146 million bases and encodes about 800 genes. Translocation of portions of chromosome 8 with amplifications of the c-Myc gene are found in some leukemias and lymphomas, and are typically associated with a poor prognosis.

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The complement factor C3 consists of an alpha and a beta chain. C3 is a central factor in the complement cascade. It is central to the alternative pathway that leads to the C3 convertase C3bBb. The classical mannose binding lectin activation pathway leads to the C3 convertase C4b2a. These convertases cleave C3 resulting in C3a and C3b. Further degradation leads to the formation of the alpha chain products C3d, C3g and C3c. C3 is an acute phase protein that is produced by a wide range of tissues, including renal epithelial cells and hepatocytes.

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HEXDC, also known as hexosaminidase D, beta-hexosaminidase D, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, hexosaminidase domain-containing protein or beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, is a 486 amino acid cytoplasmic and nuclear protein that has hexosaminidase activity and belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family. Existing as two alternatively spliced isoforms, HEXDC catalyzes the hydrolysis of non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues near the termini of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. The gene encoding HEXDC maps to human chromosome 17, which comprises over 2.5% of the human genome and encodes over 1,200 genes. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Defects in p53 is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. BRCA1 is directly involved in DNA repair and is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer and predisposition to cancers of the ovary, colon, prostate gland and fallopian tubes.

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ZBT10

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Constituent of the membrane attack complex (MAC) that plays a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response by forming pores in the plasma membrane of target cells. C9 is the pore-forming subunit of the MAC.

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response against foreign pathogens. Involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1R signaling pathways. Is rapidly recruited by MYD88 to the receptor-signaling complex upon TLR activation. Association with MYD88 leads to IRAK1 phosphorylation by IRAK4 and subsequent autophosphorylation and kinase activation. Phosphorylates E3 ubiquitin ligases Pellino proteins (PELI1, PELI2 and PELI3) to promote pellino-mediated polyubiquitination of IRAK1. Then, the ubiquitin-binding domain of IKBKG/NEMO binds to polyubiquitinated IRAK1 bringing together the IRAK1-MAP3K7/TAK1-TRAF6 complex and the NEMO-IKKA-IKKB complex. In turn, MAP3K7/TAK1 activates IKKs (CHUK/IKKA and IKBKB/IKKB) leading to NF-kappa-B nuclear translocation and activation. Alternatively, phosphorylates TIRAP to promote its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Phosphorylates the interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) to induce its activation and translocation to the nucleus, resulting in transcriptional activation of type I IFN genes, which drive the cell in an antiviral state. When sumoylated, translocates to the nucleus and phosphorylates STAT3.

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FOXO4 is a forkhead transcription factor involved in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. It binds to insulin-response elements (IREs) and can activate transcription of IGFBP1. FOXO4 down-regulates expression of HIF1A and suppresses hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation of HIF1A-modulated genes. It is also involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle.

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NNF1R, also called PMF1, is part of the MIS12 complex, which may be fundamental for kinetochore formation and proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. It is required for chromosome congression and for correct operation of the spindle checkpoint. May act as a cotranscription partner of NFE2L2 involved in regulation of polyamine-induced transcription of SSAT.

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are pentameric membrane proteins that operate GABA-gated chloride channels and inhibit neurotransmission in the central nervous system. The rho receptor subunits do not exhibit sensitivity to typical GABA receptor modulators such as bicuculline, hexobarbital, and diazepam. While the rho 1 subunit localizes specifically to the retina, rho 2 expresses in all regions of the brain, though levels were still highest in the retina, implying a role for both subunits in visual pathways.

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts downstream of mTOR signaling in response to growth factors and nutrients to promote cell proliferation, cell growth and cell cycle progression. Regulates protein synthesis through phosphorylation of EIF4B, RPS6 and EEF2K, and contributes to cell survival by repressing the pro-apoptotic function of BAD. Under conditions of nutrient depletion, the inactive form associates with the EIF3 translation initiation complex. Upon mitogenic stimulation, phosphorylation by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) leads to dissociation from the EIF3 complex and activation. The active form then phosphorylates and activates several substrates in the pre-initiation complex, including the EIF2B complex and the cap-binding complex component EIF4B. Also controls translation initiation by phosphorylating a negative regulator of EIF4A, PDCD4, targeting it for ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis. Promotes initiation of the pioneer round of protein synthesis by phosphorylating POLDIP3/SKAR. In response to IGF1, activates translation elongation by phosphorylating EEF2 kinase (EEF2K), which leads to its inhibition and thus activation of EEF2. Also plays a role in feedback regulation of mTORC2 by mTORC1 by phosphorylating RICTOR, resulting in the inhibition of mTORC2 and AKT1 signaling. Mediates cell survival by phosphorylating the pro-apoptotic protein BAD and suppressing its pro-apoptotic function. Phosphorylates mitochondrial URI1 leading to dissociation of a URI1-PPP1CC complex. The free mitochondrial PPP1CC can then dephosphorylate RPS6KB1 at Thr-412, which is proposed to be a negative feedback mechanism for the RPS6KB1 anti-apoptotic function. Mediates TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance by phosphorylating IRS1 at multiple serine residues, resulting in accelerated degradation of IRS1. In cells lacking functional TSC1-2 complex, constitutively phosphorylates and inhibits GSK3B.

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NR2 proteins are a large family of nuclear hormone receptor transcription factors. The proteins belonging to this family are characterized by discrete domains functioning in DNA and ligand binding. NR2E1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 1), also known as TLX, is an essential component in the formation of synaptic plasticity and dendritic structure in retinal astrocytes. In addition, NR2E1 is a orphan receptor that binds DNA as part of the hormone response element (HRE), a transcription regulator for hormones. DNA-binding orphan receptors have the conserved sequence 5'-AAGGTCA-3', a motif that determines substrate binding specificity. NR2E1 is expressed in brain tissue, with highest levels in astrocytes, and is localized to the nucleus. Mutations in the gene that encodes NR2E1 may lead to retinal dystrophy, a disorder characterized by a reduction in the thickness of the retina.

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The Hox homeobox genes encode proteins that are transcriptional regulators with an established role in embryonic development. HoxA6 (homeobox A6), also known as HOX1B, is a 233 amino acid protein that localizes to the nucleus. Expressed during embryonic development, HoxA6 functions as a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor that is part of a regulatory mechanism that provides cells with positional identities during development. Via its ability to bind DNA, HoxA6 plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression, as well as morphogenesis and differentiation. The gene encoding HoxA6 maps to human chromosome 7, which houses over 1,000 genes and comprises nearly 5% of the human genome. Defects in some of the genes localized to chromosome 7 have been linked to Osteogenesis imperfecta, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Pendred syndrome, Lissencephaly, Citrullinemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.

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NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p15, NFKB1/p5, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p5 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p5 and p65-c-Rel complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p65-p65 complex appears to be involved in invasin-mediated activation of IL-8 expression. The inhibitory effect of I-kappa-B upon NF-kappa-B the cytoplasm is exerted primarily through the interaction with p65. p65 shows a weak DNA-binding site which could contribute directly to DNA binding in the NF-kappa-B complex. Associates with chromatin at the NF-kappa-B promoter region via association with DDX1.

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The leucine-rich (LRR) repeat is a 20-30 amino acid motif that forms a hydrophobic å/∫ horseshoe fold, allowing it to accommodate several leucine residues within a tightly packed core. All LRR repeats contain a variable segment and a highly conserved segment, the latter of which accounts for 11 or 12 residues of the entire LRR motif. LRRC54 (leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 54), also known as tsukushin, TSKU or E2-induced gene 4 protein (E2IG4), is a 353 amino acid secreted protein that likely localizes to the cell membrane and extracellular compartments. Involved in extracellular secretion and intracellular transport, LRRC54 can be induced by 17-beta-estradiol. Containing nine LRR repeat and a cleavable signal peptide, the gene encoding LRRC54 maps to human chromosome 11, which houses over 1,400 genes and comprises nearly 4% of the human genome. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Jacobsen syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, hereditary angioedema and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are associated with defects in genes that maps to chromosome 11.

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The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. It is required for checkpoint mediated cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage or the presence of unreplicated DNA. This protein acts to integrate signals from ATM and ATR, two cell cycle proteins involved in DNA damage responses, that also associate with chromatin in meiotic prophase I. Phosphorylation of CDC25A protein phosphatase by this protein is required for cells to delay cell cycle progression in response to double-strand DNA breaks. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011].

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Cleaved by the protease thrombin to yield monomers which, together with fibrinogen beta (FGB) and fibrinogen gamma (FGG), polymerize to form an insoluble fibrin matrix. Fibrin has a major function in hemostasis as one of the primary components of blood clots. In addition, functions during the early stages of wound repair to stabilize the lesion and guide cell migration during re-epithelialization. Was originally thought to be essential for platelet aggregation, based on in vitro studies using anticoagulated blood. However, subsequent studies have shown that it is not absolutely required for thrombus formation in vivo. Enhances expression of SELP in activated platelets via an ITGB3-dependent pathway. Maternal fibrinogen is essential for successful pregnancy. Fibrin deposition is also associated with infection, where it protects against IFNG-mediated hemorrhage. May also facilitate the immune response via both innate and T-cell mediated pathways.

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Necessary for the biosynthesis of the Pk antigen of blood histogroup P. Catalyzes the transfer of galactose to lactosylceramide and galactosylceramide. Necessary for the synthesis of the receptor for bacterial verotoxins.

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Promotes cell-cell contacts by forming homophilic or heterophilic trans-dimers. Heterophilic interactions have been detected between PVRL1/nectin-1 and PVRL3/nectin-3 and between PVRL1/nectin-1 and PVRL4/nectin-4. Functions as an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus. Has some neurite outgrowth-promoting activity.

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GAD-65 and GAD-67, glutamate decarboxylases, function to catalyze the production of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). In the central nervous system GABA functions as the main inhibitory transmitter by increasing a Cl- conductance that inhibits neuronal firing. GABA has been shown to activate both ionotropic (GABAA) and metabotropic (GABAB) receptors as well as a third class of receptors called GABAC. Both GABAA and GABAC are ligand-gated ion channels, however, they are structurally and functionally distinct.

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Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. With MAP3K3/MKK3, catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in the MAP kinases p38 MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14 and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular responses to cytokines and all kinds of stresses. Especially, MAP2K3/MKK3 and MAP2K6/MKK6 are both essential for the activation of MAPK11 and MAPK13 induced by environmental stress, whereas MAP2K6/MKK6 is the major MAPK11 activator in response to TNF. MAP2K6/MKK6 also phosphorylates and activates PAK6. The p38 MAP kinase signal transduction pathway leads to direct activation of transcription factors. Nuclear targets of p38 MAP kinase include the transcription factors ATF2 and ELK1. Within the p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway, MAP3K6/MKK6 mediates phosphorylation of STAT4 through MAPK14 activation, and is therefore required for STAT4 activation and STAT4-regulated gene expression in response to IL-12 stimulation. The pathway is also crucial for IL-6-induced SOCS3 expression and down-regulation of IL-6-mediated gene induction; and for IFNG-dependent gene transcription. Has a role in osteoclast differentiation through NF-kappa-B transactivation by TNFSF11, and in endochondral ossification and since SOX9 is another likely downstream target of the p38 MAPK pathway. MAP2K6/MKK6 mediates apoptotic cell death in thymocytes. Acts also as a regulator for melanocytes dendricity, through the modulation of Rho family GTPases.

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May play a role in the control of cellular aging and survival.

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Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. Phosphorylates PTK2/FAK1. Regulates both cell death/survival balance and positional information. Required for the molecular mechanisms orchestration during intestine organogenesis; involved in the development of enteric nervous system and renal organogenesis during embryonic life, and promotes the formation of Peyer's patch-like structures, a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Modulates cell adhesion via its cleavage by caspase in sympathetic neurons and mediates cell migration in an integrin (e.g. ITGB1 and ITGB3)-dependent manner. Involved in the development of the neural crest. Active in the absence of ligand, triggering apoptosis through a mechanism that requires receptor intracellular caspase cleavage. Acts as a dependence receptor; in the presence of the ligand GDNF in somatotrophs (within pituitary), promotes survival and down regulates growth hormone (GH) production, but triggers apoptosis in absence of GDNF. Regulates nociceptor survival and size. Triggers the differentiation of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors. Mediator of several diseases such as neuroendocrine cancers; these diseases are characterized by aberrant integrins-regulated cell migration.

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Representing about 2% of human DNA, chromosome 20 consists of approximately 63 million bases and 600 genes. Chromosome 20 contains a region with numerous genes expressed in the epididymis, which are thought important for seminal production, and some viewed as potential targets for male contraception. The PRNP gene encoding the prion protein associated with spongiform encephalopathies, like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is found on chromosome 20. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, ring chromosome 20 epilepsy syndrome and Alagille syndrome are also associated with chromosome 20. The C20orf7 gene product has been provisionally designated C20orf7 pending further characterization.