45955 Results for: "1-Methylindol-3-ylacetic+acid&pageNo=88"

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Involved in lineage commitment of primary hemopoietic progenitors by restricting erythroid formation and enhancing myeloid formation. Interferes with erythropoietin-induced erythroid terminal differentiation by preventing cells from exiting the cell cycle through suppression of CDKN1B/p27Kip1 levels. Suppresses RFWD2/COP1 activity via CSN3 which activates p53 and induces cell cycle arrest. Binds DNA and affects the expression of a number of genes so may function as a transcription factor in the nucleus.

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Midline-2 is a 715 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene MID2. Midline-2 belongs to the TRIM/RBCC family and contains two B box-type zinc fingers, one B30.2/SPRY domain, one COS domain, one fibronectin type-III domain and one RING-type zinc finger. Midline-2 is a cytoplasmic protein found as a homodimer or heterodimer with Midline-1. It also interacts with IGBP1 (Lymphocyte signaling protein A4). Dimerization is mediated by the tripartite motif (RBCC; RING- and B box-type zinc fingers and coiled coil domains) and microtubule association is dependent on the C-terminal B30.2 domain. Midline-2 is expressed at low levels in fetal kidney and lung, and in adult prostate, ovary and small intestine.

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XAGE2 belongs to the GAGE family of genes which are expressed in a variety of tumors and in some fetal and reproductive tissues. XAGE2 is strongly expressed in normal testis, and in Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, a breast cancer and a germ cell tumor. Its function is unknown.

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Exendin 4 is a 39 amino acid peptide found in venom from the Gila monster Helicoderma suspectum. It is a member of the glucagon secretin family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides. Exendin 4 is a potent agonist of the GLP1 receptor and hence a potent stimulator of insulin secretion.

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Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis upon induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Involved in response to hydrogen peroxide and regulation of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Acts as a very efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions because of its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides. Can receive electrons not only from glutathione (GSH), but also from thioredoxin reductase supporting both monothiol and dithiol reactions. Efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, which in turn regulates the superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression decreases the susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents loss of cardiolipin and cytochrome c release.

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Isoform 1: Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Inhibits erythroid differentiation and tumor cell proliferation. Plays a role during ovarian cancer development and progression. Isoform 2: Contributes to cervical carcinogenesis in part through the TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa-B signaling pathway by interacting with the I-kappa-B-kinase (IKK) core complex.

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The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily. Members of the ABC1 subfamily comprise the only major ABC subfamily found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. In humans, this protein functions as a cholesterol efflux pump in the cellular lipid removal pathway. Mutations in the human gene have been associated with Tangier's disease and familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency.

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Serotonin (also designated 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a molecule that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone and a mitogen, and it is predominantly expressed in the gut, platelets and central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, serotonin modulates several processes, including anxiety, sleep, appetite, behavior and drug abuse. In platelets and gut, serotonin plays a major role in cardiovascular function and motility of the gastrointestinal tract, respectively. Serotonin mediates its effects through several of G protein coupled receptors, designated 5-HT receptors or alternatively SR receptors. SR-3 is a ligand-gated ion channel, whereas all other known serotonin receptor subtypes are G protein-coupled receptors. SR-4 mediates widespread effects in central and peripheral nervous systems. SR-7 belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. The gene which encodes SR-7 maps to human chromosome 10q21-q24.

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Phospholipase A2 activator protein (PLAP), activates PLA2 (phospholipase A2 enzyme) and is an important mediator of eicosanoid generation. Also known as a pro-inflammatory agent, PLAP has been found in inflamed tissues and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. As such, it is believed to play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory diseases. The formation of PLAP can be stimulated by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha.

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Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1D gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA).

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Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (UBE1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBE2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (UBE3s). When ubiquitin is activated by a UBE1, it is transferred to the cysteine residue on a UBE2. UBE2 then binds a UBE3, which transfers the ubiquitin from the UBE2 cysteine to a lysine residue on the target protein. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q1 (UBE2Q1), also known as ubiquitin-protein ligase Q1 or ubiquitin carrier protein Q1, is an 422 amino acid protein belonging to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBE2) family. Two named isoforms of UBE2Q1 exist as a result of alternative splicing events.

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ZNF318 is a 2279 amino acid endocrine regulatory protein that localizes to the nucleus. Highly expressed in testis, ovaries and kidneys, ZNF318 is a co-repressor of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcriptional activation and is thought to regulate transcription during spermatogenesis. ZNF318 interacts with the N-terminal domain of AR and contains two matrin-type zinc fingers. Two isoforms of ZNF318, designated TZF and TZF-L, are produced due to alternative splicing events. Each of these splice variants are thought to have unique roles in transcriptional regulation. While the TZF isoform functions as a repressor of AR-mediated transcriptional activation, the TZF-L isoform is thought to enhance AR-mediated transcriptional activation.

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Cell adhesion molecule-related/down-regulated by oncogenes (CDO) and BOC (brother of CDO) are members of the immunoglobulin/fibronectin type III repeat family and act as cell surface receptors. CDO is a component of a cell-surface receptor complex which also contains BOC, NEO1, CTNNB1 and cadherins and which acts as a mediator of cell-cell interactions between muscle cells. CDO and BOC are single pass membrane proteins that play a role in myogenic cell differentiation. Together, CDO and BOC participate in a positive feedback loop with MyoD, a myogenic transcription factor. The 1,242 amino acid rat CDO protein has a 24 residue signal sequence, five Ig V-like repeats, a 25 residue membrane-spanning region, three FNIII-like repeats and a cytoplasmic region of 256 amino acids containing a proline-rich stretch. The human protein contains 1,225 amino acid residues and shares significant homology with the domain structures of the rat protein.

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Nur77 (also designated NGFI-B), Nurr1 (Nur-related factor 1), and NOR-1 (neuron-derived orphan receptor 1) constitute the NGFI-B subfamily within the nuclear receptor superfamily. Ligands for these protein have not been identified, and, therefore, they are designated “orphan nuclear receptors”. Genes of the NGFI-B subfamily are classified as immediate-early genes, which are induced rapidly, but transiently, in response to a variety of stimuli. They have been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The human NOR-1 gene maps to chromosome 9q, and encodes a protein which is expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, thymus, and spleen as well as in brain, where it is developmentally regulated. There-fore, NOR-1 may be involved in regulating neural differentiation. The NOR-1 gene also undergoes chromosomal translocation with the EWS gene to produce a protein thought to affect pre-mRNA splicing.

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Promotes cell proliferation. Modulates apoptotic pathways. Increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and STK26 activity. Important for cell migration, and for normal structure and assembly of the Golgi complex. Important for KDR/VEGFR2 signaling. Increases the stability of KDR/VEGFR2 and prevents its breakdown. Required for normal cardiovascular development. Required for normal angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis during embryonic development (By similarity).

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Relaxin is a peptide hormone produced by the corpora lutea of ovaries during pregnancy in many mammalian species, including man. The secretion of the hormone into the blood stream just before parturition results in a marked softening and lengthening of the pubic symphysis and a softening of the cervix, which facilitates the birth process. By inhibiting uterine contractions, relaxin may influence the timing of parturition. Like insulin, relaxin consists of two peptide chains, A and B, covalently linked by disulfide bonds. By further analogy to insulin, the two peptides are synthesized as a single-chain precursor polypeptide with the B chain at the NH2-terminus.

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Expressed in gastric tissues. Down-regulated in gastric cancer.

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Required for assembly of dynein regulatory complex (DRC) and inner dynein arm complexes, which are responsible for ciliary beat regulation, thereby playing a central role in motility in cilia and flagella. Not required for outer dynein arm complexes assembly. Required for axonemal recruitment of CCDC39.Involvement in disease:Defects in CCDC40 are the cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia type 15 (CILD15) . A disorder characterized by abnormalities of motile cilia. Respiratory infections leading to chronic inflammation and bronchiectasis are recurrent, due to defects in the respiratory cilia; reduced fertility is often observed in male patients due to abnormalities of sperm tails. Half of the patients exhibit randomization of left-right body asymmetry and situs inversus, due to dysfunction of monocilia at the embryonic node. Primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with situs inversus is referred to as Kartagener syndrome.

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Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis.

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The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF-2) family of transcription factors associate with co-repessors or co-activators to regulate development and function of T cells, neuronal cells, and muscle cells. Four family members, termed MEF-2A, -2B, -2C, and -2D, arise from alternatively spliced transcripts. These members bind as homo- and heterodimers to the MEF-2 site in the promoter region of affected genes. Differential regulation in the expression of the four transcripts implies functional distinction for each during embryogenesis and development. The process of differentiation from mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts has led to the discovery of a variety of tissue-specific factors that regulate muscle gene expression. The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins, including MyoD, myogenin, Myf-5, and MRF4, are one class of identified factors. The MEF-2 family represents a second class of DNA binding regulatory proteins. Each of these proteins binds to the MEF-2 target DNA sequence present in the regulatory regions of many muscle-specific genes.

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C3orf67

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways involve closely related MAP kinases, including extracellular-signal-related kinase 3 (ERK 3, also designated PRKM6 and p97MAPK). Serum, growth factors and phorbol esters can initiate ERK 3 signaling pathways. Despite lacking a definitive nuclear localization sequence, ERK 3 constitutively localizes to the nucleus upon activation. p38 pathway activation-dependent upregulation of ERK 3 is independent of the status of p53, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 during cell stress and damage induced by proteasome inhibition, suggesting ERK 3 in part mediates intracellular defense or cell rescue. The human ERK 3 gene maps to chromosome 15q21.2 and encodes a 721 amino acid protein.

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Nogo is an oligodendrocyte-specific member of the Reticulon family and is a component of CNS white matter that inhibits axon outgrowth, induces collapse of growth cones of chick dorsal root ganglion cells, and inhibits the spreading of 3T3 fibroblasts. Nogo is expressed by oligodendrocytes but not by Schwann cells and associates primarily with the endoplasmic reticulum. Nogo exists in three different splice forms, Nogo-A, -B and -C. NgBR (Nogo-B receptor), also known as nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 homolog, is a 293 amino acid single-pass type I membrane protein that acts as a specific receptor for the amino-terminus of Nogo-B. Through this interaction, NgBR is involved in the regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. NgBR also enhances Niemann-Pick type C2 protein (NPC2) stabilization. Knockdown of NgBR mRNA leads to decreased NPC2 levels, which results in the hallmarks of NPC2 mutation: increased intracellular cholesterol accumulation and a loss of sterol sensing.

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HHCM is a 467 amino acid protein that has oncogenic transforming capabilities on a variety of different cell lines. When HHCM was transfected into BRL-1 (Buffalo rat liver) or NIH3T3 cells, the cells exhibited significant morphological changes, anchorage independent growth and loss of contact inhibition. When the cells were inoculated into rats and mice, they became highly tumorigenic. HHCM gene-related DNA sequences were found in at least nineteen hepatomas of Asian origin. The gene encoding HHCM maps to human chromosome 8, which is made up of nearly 146 million bases and encodes about 800 genes. Translocation of portions of chromosome 8 with amplifications of the c-Myc gene are found in some leukemias and lymphomas, and are typically associated with a poor prognosis.

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The complement factor C3 consists of an alpha and a beta chain. C3 is a central factor in the complement cascade. It is central to the alternative pathway that leads to the C3 convertase C3bBb. The classical mannose binding lectin activation pathway leads to the C3 convertase C4b2a. These convertases cleave C3 resulting in C3a and C3b. Further degradation leads to the formation of the alpha chain products C3d, C3g and C3c. C3 is an acute phase protein that is produced by a wide range of tissues, including renal epithelial cells and hepatocytes.

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HEXDC, also known as hexosaminidase D, beta-hexosaminidase D, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, hexosaminidase domain-containing protein or beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, is a 486 amino acid cytoplasmic and nuclear protein that has hexosaminidase activity and belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family. Existing as two alternatively spliced isoforms, HEXDC catalyzes the hydrolysis of non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues near the termini of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. The gene encoding HEXDC maps to human chromosome 17, which comprises over 2.5% of the human genome and encodes over 1,200 genes. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Defects in p53 is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. BRCA1 is directly involved in DNA repair and is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer and predisposition to cancers of the ovary, colon, prostate gland and fallopian tubes.

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ZBT10

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Constituent of the membrane attack complex (MAC) that plays a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response by forming pores in the plasma membrane of target cells. C9 is the pore-forming subunit of the MAC.

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response against foreign pathogens. Involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1R signaling pathways. Is rapidly recruited by MYD88 to the receptor-signaling complex upon TLR activation. Association with MYD88 leads to IRAK1 phosphorylation by IRAK4 and subsequent autophosphorylation and kinase activation. Phosphorylates E3 ubiquitin ligases Pellino proteins (PELI1, PELI2 and PELI3) to promote pellino-mediated polyubiquitination of IRAK1. Then, the ubiquitin-binding domain of IKBKG/NEMO binds to polyubiquitinated IRAK1 bringing together the IRAK1-MAP3K7/TAK1-TRAF6 complex and the NEMO-IKKA-IKKB complex. In turn, MAP3K7/TAK1 activates IKKs (CHUK/IKKA and IKBKB/IKKB) leading to NF-kappa-B nuclear translocation and activation. Alternatively, phosphorylates TIRAP to promote its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Phosphorylates the interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) to induce its activation and translocation to the nucleus, resulting in transcriptional activation of type I IFN genes, which drive the cell in an antiviral state. When sumoylated, translocates to the nucleus and phosphorylates STAT3.

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FOXO4 is a forkhead transcription factor involved in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. It binds to insulin-response elements (IREs) and can activate transcription of IGFBP1. FOXO4 down-regulates expression of HIF1A and suppresses hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation of HIF1A-modulated genes. It is also involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle.