15877 Results for: "Sodium+peroxide"

Supplier: Merck Millipore (Calbiochem‎)

Sialyl Lewis X 1 * 5 mg

Supplier: Merck Millipore (Calbiochem‎)

Sialyl Lewis X 1 * 1 mg

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Principal Names: SnoN; SNO; SKI-like; Ski-related Oncogene; SnoA; SKIL Official Gene Symbol- SKIL Gen Bank Accession Number- NP_005405 Gene ID- 6498(Human) 20482 (mouse)Gene Map Locus- 3q26 (human) SnoN, an 80 kDa protein, is a member of ski family of nuclear proto-oncogenes involved in regulation of cellular transformation and differentiation. Primarily expressed in two isoforms, SnoN is localized in cytoplasm in normal tissues and non-tumorigenic primary epithelial cells. In cancer tissues or cells, SnoN is exclusively localized in the nucleus. It plays a vital role in inhibition of cell cycle arrest induced by TGF-. Upon morphological differentiation or cell-cycle arrest, SnoN translocates into the nucleus, binds to Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 on TGF- -responsive promoters and represses their ability to activate expression of TGF- target genes. It has also been found to mediate transcriptional repression of thyroid hormone receptor, Mad and pRb. Increased expression of SnoN has been detected in many human tumor cell lines suggesting a clinical significance.

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Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) are enzymes that regulate transcription by selectively deacetylating or acetylating the eta-amino groups of lysines located near the amino termini of core histone proteins. Eight members of HDAC family have been identified in the past several years. These HDAC family members are divided into two classes, I and II. Class I of the HDAC family comprises four members, HDAC-1, 2, 3, and 8, each of which contains a deacetylase domain exhibiting from 45 to 93% identity in amino acid sequence. Class II of the HDAC family comprises HDAC-4, 5, 6, and 7, the molecular weights of which are all about twofold larger than those of the class I members, and the deacetylase domains are present within the C-terminal regions, except that HDAC-6 contains two copies of the domain, one within each of the N-terminal and C-terminal regions. Human HDAC-1, 2 and 3 were expressed in various tissues, but the others (HDAC-4, 5, 6, and 7) showed tissue-specific expression patterns. These results suggested that each member of the HDAC family exhibits a different, individual substrate specificity and function in vivo.

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Chek1 is a protein kinase that inhibits mitotic entry after DNA damage, required for the DNA damage checkpoint and is strongly similar to murine Chek1. Checkpoint pathways control the order and timing of cell cycle transitions and ensure that critical events, such as DNA replication and chromosome segregation, are completed with high fidelity. The mouse and human proteins share 90% sequence identity through the protein kinase domains. The sequence of the 476-amino acid human Chek1 protein is 29%, 40%, and 44% identical to those of the fission yeast Chek1, C. elegans Chek1, and Drosophila 'grapes' (Grp) proteins, respectively. Chek1 is expressed ubiquitously as an approximately 2.4-kb mRNA, with the most abundant expression in thymus, testis, small intestine, and colon. The protein has altered mobility when isolated from cells treated with ionizing radiation, indicating that Chek1 is modified in response to DNA damage. In vitro, Chek1 directly phosphorylates a regulator of CDC2 tyrosine phosphorylation, CDC25C. In response to DNA damage, Chek1 phosphorylates and inhibits CDC25C, thus preventing activation of the CDC2-Cyclin-B complex and mitotic entry

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Progesterone receptors (PRs) are nuclear hormone receptors of the NR3C class, which also includes mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and androgen receptors. They exist as homodimers coupled to Hsp90 or HMGB proteins, which are shed upon activation. The major signaling pathway used by progesterone receptors is via direct DNA binding and transcriptional regulation of target genes. They can also signal by binding to other proteins, mainly with transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1 or STAT. Progesterone receptors are found in the female reproductive tract, mammary glands, brain and pituitary gland and receptor expression is induced by estrogen. Well established functions of progesterone receptors include ovulation, implantation, mammary gland development and maintenance of pregnancy. In addition, progesterone, signaling through the progesterone receptor, increases the ventilatory response of the respiratory centers to carbon dioxide and decreases arterial and alveolar PCO2 in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. The human gene encoding the progesterone receptor has been localized to 11q22.

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General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Phosphorylates TBC1D4. Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Plays a role in glucose transport by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface. Mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF-I. Mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating mTORC1 signaling and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1. Promotes glycogen synthesis by mediating the insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase. /General protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. /IGF-1 leads to the activation of AKT3, which may play a role in regulating cell survival. Capable of phosphorylating several known proteins. Truncated isoform 2/PKB gamma 1 without the second serine phosphorylation site could still be stimulated but to a lesser extent.

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Calcium-activated and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosome, apoptosis and transcription regulation. Plays a key role in B-cell activation and function by regulating BCR-induced NF-κ-B activation and B-cell suvival. Required for recruitment and activation of the IKK kinase to lipid rafts and mediates phosphorylation of CARD11/CARMA1 at 'Ser-559', 'Ser-644' and 'Ser-652', leading to activate the NF-κ-B signaling. Involved in apoptosis following oxidative damage: in case of oxidative conditions, specifically phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of isoform p66Shc of SHC1, leading to mitochondrial accumulation of p66Shc, where p66Shc acts as a reactive oxygen species producer. Acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Thr-6' of histone H3 (H3T6ph), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. Also involved in triglyceride homeostasis. Serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.

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SLIT-1 (also known as KIAA0813, MEGF4, multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 4 and Slit homolog 1 protein) is a Slit protein. This protein is a ligand for the Roundabout (Robo) receptors and acts as guidance cues in axonal migration/navigation during neural development, at the ventral midline of the neural tube. Slit1 and Slit2 are essential for midline guidance in the forebrain by acting as repulsive signals preventing inappropriate midline crossing by axons projecting from the olfactory bulb. Each SLIT gene encodes a putative secreted protein, which contains conserved protein-protein interaction domains including leucine-rich repeats and epidermal growth factor-like motifs, similar to those of the Drosophila protein. In situ hybridization studies indicated that the rat SLIT-1 mRNA was specifically expressed in the neurons of fetal and adult forebrains. This data suggests that the SLIT genes form an evolutionarily conserved group in vertebrates and invertebrates, and that the mammalian SLIT proteins may participate in the formation and maintenance of the nervous and endocrine systems by protein-protein interactions. Alternative splicing isoforms have been identified for Slit1 protein.

Supplier: Cytiva

MabSelect SuRe™ is composed of a rigid, high-flow agarose matrix and alkali-tolerant rProtein A ligand. The ligand has been engineered to provide greater stability than conventional protein A-based media in the alkaline conditions used in CIP protocols. This enhanced alkali stability improves process economy and product quality.

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Essential proto-oncogenic transcriptional regulator necessary for development and differentiation of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. Transcriptional repressor or activator depending on both promoter and cell type context; represses promoter activity of SOCS1 and SOCS3 and thus, may regulate cytokine signaling pathways. Cooperates with GATA1 to repress target gene transcription, such as the apoptosis regulator BCL2L1; GFI1B silencing in leukemic cell lines markedly increase apoptosis rate. Inhibits down-regulation of MYC and MYB as well as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A/P21WAF1 in IL6-treated myelomonocytic cells. Represses expression of GATA3 in T-cell lymphomas and inhibits GATA1-mediated transcription; as GATA1 also mediates erythroid GFI1B transcription, both GATA1 and GFI1B participate in a feedback regulatory pathway controlling the expression of GFI1B gene in erythroid cells. Suppresses GATA1-mediated stimulation of GFI1B promoter through protein interaction. Binds to gamma-satellite DNA and to its own promoter, auto-repressing its own expression. Alters histone methylation by recruiting histone methyltransferase to target genes promoters. Plays a role in heterochromatin formation.

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In response to DNA damage and replication blocks, cell cycle progression is halted through the control of critical cell cycle regulators. The protein encoded by Chk2 gene is a cell cycle checkpoint regulator and putative tumor suppressor. It contains a forkhead-associated protein interaction domain essential for activation in response to DNA damage and is rapidly phosphorylated in response to replication blocks and DNA damage. When activated, the encoded protein is known to inhibit CDC25C phosphatase, preventing entry into mitosis, and has been shown to stabilize the tumor suppressor protein p53, leading to cell cycle arrest in G1. In addition, this protein interacts with and phosphorylates BRCA1, allowing BRCA1 to restore survival after DNA damage. Mutations in this gene have been linked with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant familial cancer phenotype usually associated with inherited mutations in TP53. Also, mutations in this gene are thought to confer a predisposition to sarcomas, breast cancer, and brain tumors. This nuclear protein is a member of the CDS1 subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

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FANCA (also called Protein FACA or Fanconi anemia group A protein) is involved in DNA repair, perhaps specifically with post-replication repair or a cell cycle checkpoint function. FANCA may also be implicated in interstrand DNA cross-link repair and in the maintenance of normal chromosome stability. The Fanconi anemia complementation group (FANC) currently includes FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1 (also called BRCA2), FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. The previously defined group FANCH is the same as FANCA. Fanconi anemia is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder characterized by cytogenetic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, increased chromosomal breakage, and defective DNA repair. The members of the Fanconi anemia complementation group do not share sequence similarity; they are related by their assembly into a common nuclear protein complex. This gene encodes the protein for complementation group A. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Variant 1 (isoform a) encodes the longest transcript. Variant 2 (isoform b) contains an alternate exon, which results in an early stop codon, compared to variant 1. Isoform b has a shorter C-terminus when compared to isoform a. Mutations in this gene are the most common cause of Fanconi anemia.

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Pathogen-recognition receptor expressed on the surface of immature dendritic cells (DCs) and involved in initiation of primary immune response. Thought to mediate the endocytosis of pathogens which are subsequently degraded in lysosomal compartments. The receptor returns to the cell membrane surface and the pathogen-derived antigens are presented to resting T-cells via MHC class II proteins to initiate the adaptive immune response. Probably recognizes in a calcium-dependent manner high mannose N-linked oligosaccharides in a variety of pathogen antigens, including HIV-1 gp120, HIV-2 gp120, SIV gp120, ebolavirus glycoproteins, cytomegalovirus gB, HCV E2, dengue virus gE, Leishmania pifanoi LPG, Lewis-x antigen in Helicobacter pylori LPS, mannose in Klebsiella pneumonae LPS, di-mannose and tri-mannose in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ManLAM and Lewis-x antigen in Schistosoma mansoni SEA. On DCs it is a high affinity receptor for ICAM2 and ICAM3 by binding to mannose-like carbohydrates. May act as a DC rolling receptor that mediates transendothelial migration of DC presursors from blood to tissues by binding endothelial ICAM2. Seems to regulate DC-induced T-cell proliferation by binding to ICAM3 on T-cells in the immunological synapse formed between DC and T-cells.

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Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as JUN, JDP2 and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity. In T-cells, JNK1 and JNK2 are required for polarized differentiation of T-helper cells into Th1 cells By similarity. Phosphorylates heat shock factor protein 4 (HSF4). /Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as c-Jun and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity. In T-cells, JNK1 and JNK2 are required for polarized differentiation of T-helper cells into Th1 cells. JNK2 isoforms display different binding patterns: alpha-1 and alpha-2 preferentially bind to c-Jun, whereas beta-1 and beta-2 bind to ATF2. However, there is no correlation between binding and phosphorylation, which is achieved at about the same efficiency by all isoforms. JUNB is not a substrate for JNK2 alpha-2, and JUND binds only weakly to it./Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as c-Jun and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity. Required for stress-induced neuronal apoptosis and the pathogenesis of glutamate excitotoxicity

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MEK6 is a member of MAPKK protein kinase family. By using degenerate oligonucleotide primers from the conserved kinase domains of MKK3 and MKK4 two human cDNAs and 1 murine cDNA encoding closely related proteins of the MKK family were cloned. The two human clones appear to be different isoforms of the same gene generated by differential splicing: the shorter clone was designated MKK6, encodes a 278-amino acid protein, while the longer clone, designated MKK6b, encodes a 334-amino acid protein. MKK6 is about 80% identical to MKK3 and 40% identical to MKK4. 1.7-kb human MKK6 transcript is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, while an MKK6b-specific probe detected mRNA bands of 1.8, 2.4, and 4.5 kb that are enriched in heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas and liver. MKK6 plays an important role in intracellular signaling pathways leading toward activation of the p38 MAP kinase. MEK6 phosphorylates and activates p38 in response to inflammatory cytokines or environmental stress. As an essential component of p38 MAPK mediated signal transduction pathway, this gene is involved in many cellular processes such as stress induced cell cycle arrest, transcription activation and apoptosis.

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A-Raf, B-Raf and c-Raf (Raf-1) are the main effectors recruited by GTP-bound Ras to activate the MEK-MAP kinase pathway. Activation of c-Raf is the best understood and involves phosphorylation at multiple activating sites including Ser338, Tyr341, Thr491, Ser494, Ser497 and Ser499. p21-activated protein kinase (PAK) has been shown to phosphorylate c-Raf at Ser338 and the Src family phosphorylates Tyr341 to induce c-Raf activity (3, 4). Ser338 of c-Raf corresponds to similar sites in A-Raf (Ser299) and B-Raf (Ser445), although this site is constitutively phosphorylated in B-Raf. Inhibitory 14-3-3 binding sites on c-Raf (Ser259 and Ser621) can be phosphorylated by Akt and AMPK, respectively (6, 7). While A-Raf, B-Raf and c-Raf are similar in sequence and function, differential regulation has been observed (8). Of particular interest, B-Raf contains three consensus Akt phosphorylation sites (Ser364, Ser428 and Thr439) and lacks a site equivalent to Tyr341 of c-Raf (8, 9). The B-Raf mutation V600E results in elevated kinase activity and is commonly found in malignant melanoma (10). Six residues of c-Raf (Ser29, Ser43, Ser289, Ser296, Ser301 and Ser642) become hyperphosphorylated in a manner consistent with c-Raf inactivation. The hyperphosphorylation of these six sites is dependent on downstream MEK signaling and renders c-Raf unresponsive to

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Tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role for the selection and maturation of developing T-cell in the thymus and in mature T-cell function. Is constitutively associated with the cytoplasmic portions of the CD4 and CD8 surface receptors and plays a key role in T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)-linked signal transduction pathways. Association of the TCR with a peptide antigen-bound MHC complex facilitates the interaction of CD4 and CD8 with MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively, and thereby recruits the associated LCK to the vicinity of the TCR/CD3 complex. LCK then phosphorylates tyrosines residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosines-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic tails of the TCRgamma chains and CD3 subunits, initiating the TCR/CD3 signaling pathway. In addition, contributes to signaling by other receptor molecules. Associates directly with the cytoplasmic tail of CD2, and upon engagement of the CD2 molecule, LCK undergoes hyperphosphorylation and activation. Also plays a role in the IL2 receptor-linked signaling pathway that controls T-cell proliferative response. Binding of IL2 to its receptor results in increased activity of LCK. Is expressed at all stages of thymocyte development and is required for the regulation of maturation events that are governed by both pre-TCR and mature alpha beta TCR.

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Tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role for the selection and maturation of developing T-cell in the thymus and in mature T-cell function. Is constitutively associated with the cytoplasmic portions of the CD4 and CD8 surface receptors and plays a key role in T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)-linked signal transduction pathways. Association of the TCR with a peptide antigen-bound MHC complex facilitates the interaction of CD4 and CD8 with MHC class II and class I molecules, respectively, and thereby recruits the associated LCK to the vicinity of the TCR/CD3 complex. LCK then phosphorylates tyrosines residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosines-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic tails of the TCRgamma chains and CD3 subunits, initiating the TCR/CD3 signaling pathway. In addition, contributes to signaling by other receptor molecules. Associates directly with the cytoplasmic tail of CD2, and upon engagement of the CD2 molecule, LCK undergoes hyperphosphorylation and activation. Also plays a role in the IL2 receptor-linked signaling pathway that controls T-cell proliferative response. Binding of IL2 to its receptor results in increased activity of LCK. Is expressed at all stages of thymocyte development and is required for the regulation of maturation events that are governed by both pre-TCR and mature alpha beta TCR.

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NF-κ-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-κ-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-κ-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-κ-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-κ-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-κ-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-κ-B heterodimeric RelB-p50 and RelB-p52 complexes are transcriptional activators. RELB neither associates with DNA nor with RELA/p65 or REL. Stimulates promoter activity in the presence of NFKB2/p49.

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Jagged-1 (JAG1) is a cell surface protein which is one of several ligands that activate Notch and related receptors. JAG1 functions in an embryologically important signaling pathway and has also been shown to play a role in hematopoiesis. JAG1 inhibits proliferation of cd34+ macrophage progenitor cells and a JAG1 gene abnormality may be an aggravating factor in extrahepatic biliary atresia. Activation of NOTCH1 signaling by JAG1 induces monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation in vitro. JAG1 interaction with NOTCH1 on tumor cells dramatically induces proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in vitro. Either haploinsufficiency for wild-type JAG1 and/or dominant negative effects produced by mutated JAG1 are responsible for the Alagille syndrome. A BLAST analysis was used to suggest crossreactivity with Jagged-1 protein from human, chimpanzee, rat and mouse based on 100% homology with the immunizing sequence. Partial reactivity is expected against canine (81%) and Xenopus laevis (85%) based on partial sequence homologies as indicated. The jagged 1 protein encoded by JAG1 is the human homolog of the Drosophilia jagged protein. Human jagged 1 is the ligand for the receptor notch 1, the latter a human homolog of the Drosophilia jagged receptor notch. Mutations that alter the jagged 1 protein cause Alagille syndrome. Jagged 1 signalling through notch 1 has also been shown to play a role in hematopoiesis.

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

Thermo Scientific Pierce SMCC is a hetero-bifunctional crosslinker that contain N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and maleimide groups that allow covalent conjugation of amine- and sulfhydryl-containing molecules. NHS esters react with primary amines at pH 7–9 to form amide bonds, while maleimides react with sulfhydryl groups at pH 6.5–7.5 to form stable thioether bonds. In aqueous solutions, NHS ester hydrolytic degradation is a competing reaction whose rate increases with pH. The maleimide group is more stable than the NHS-ester group, but will slowly hydrolyze and lose its reaction specificity for sulfhydryls at pH values > 7.5. For these reasons, conjugations with these crosslinkers are usually performed at pH 7.2–7.5, with the NHS ester (amine-targeted) reacted before or simultaneous with the maleimide (sulfhydryl-targeted) reaction.

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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and interacts with three different receptors: GABA(A), GABA(B) and GABA(C) receptor. The ionotropic GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that produce fast inhibitory synaptic transmission. In contrast, the metabotropic GABA(B) receptor is coupled to G proteins that modulate slow inhibitory synaptic transmission. Functional GABA(B) receptors form heterodimers of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 where GABA(B)R1 binds the ligand and GABA(B)R2 is the primary G protein contact site. Two isoforms of GABA(B)R1 have been cloned: GABA(B)R1a is a 130 kD protein and GABA(B)R1b is a 95 kD protein. G proteins subsequently inhibit adenyl cylase activity and modulate inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. GABA(B) receptors have both pre- and postsynaptic inhibitions: presynaptic GABA(B) receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release through suppression of high threshold calcium channels, while postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors inhibit through coupled activation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. In addition to synaptic inhibition, GABA(B) receptors may also be involved in hippocampal long-term potentiation, slow wave sleep and muscle relaxation.

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Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein that acts as a major Ca(2+)-binding (storage) protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that it may have a role in transcription regulation. Calreticulin binds to the synthetic peptide KLGFFKR, which is almost identical to an amino acid sequence in the DNA-binding domain of the superfamily of nuclear receptors. Calreticulin binds to antibodies in certain sera of systemic lupus and Sjogren patients which contain anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, it is highly conserved among species, and it is located in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum where it may bind calcium. The amino terminus of calreticulin interacts with the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor and prevents the receptor from binding to its specific glucocorticoid response element. Calreticulin can inhibit the binding of androgen receptor to its hormone-responsive DNA element and can inhibit androgen receptor and retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activities in vivo, as well as retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. Thus, calreticulin can act as an important modulator of the regulation of gene transcription by nuclear hormone receptors. Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with increased autoantibody titers against calreticulin but calreticulin is not a Ro/SS-A antigen. Earlier papers referred to calreticulin as an Ro/SS-A antigen but this was later disproven. Increased autoantibody titer against human calreticulin is found in infants with complete congenital heart block of both the IgG and IgM classes.

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During vertebrate embryogenesis, a left-right axis is established. Secreted growth factors of the TGF-beta family, including gene products derived from nodal, lefty-1 and lefty-2, play crucial roles in establishing left-right asymmetries. TGF-beta (Transforming growth factor-beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates growth and differentiation of diverse types of cells. TGF-beta actions are directed by ligand-induced activation of TGF-beta receptors. Complexes formed move into the nucleus, where they act as components of a transcriptional complex. Lefty, a novel member of the TGF-beta superfamily, inhibits TGF-beta signaling. Lefty acts to inhibit phosphorylation of Smad2 following activation of the TGF-beta receptor. Lefty also inhibits events downstream from R-Smad phosphorylation. Lefty provides a repressed state of TGF-beta-responsive genes. The Lefty family is comprised of Lefty 1 and Lefty 2 in mouse, and Lefty A and Lefty B in humans. Members of the TGF-beta superfamily require processing for their activation. Cleavage is therefore an essential step for Lefty activation. Lefty is synthesized as a large inactive precursor (42 kDa) that must be endoproteolytically processed to release the bioactive polypeptide (28 kDa and 34 kDa forms). The 28 kDa form induces MAPK activity.

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Recently, a number of cytokines belonging to the interleukin (IL)-17 family have been identified. These are termed as IL-17B, IL-17C and IL-17E. IL-17 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays roles in a number of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis , multiple sclerosis , and promotion of tumor growth. IL-17B, C, and E like IL-17 are able to induce proinflammatory responses. However, they do not bind to the IL-17 receptor suggesting that additional IL-17R related receptor might exist. Receptor for IL-17B and IL-17E has been independently isolated by Shi, et al and Lee, et al. and has been designated as EV127 (in mouse) and IL-17Rh1 (in human), respectively. IL-17E induces activation of NF-κB pathway and like IL-17 also induces production of IL-8. The IL17 proteins are a family of potent cytokines that act to induce proinflammatory responses. Studies have shown that IL17E binds strongly to IL17RB. Receptor binding of ligand has been shown to lead to the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B and production of IL8. Exposure of mice to IL17 resulted in a Th-2 like response characterized by increased serum IgE, IgG1 and IgA levels, blood eosinophilia, increased lymphocytes and neutrophils, and pathological changes in the tissues that included eosinophilic infiltrates, increased mucus production, B-lymphocyte hyperplasia and epithelial cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy.

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Required for checkpoint mediated cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage or the presence of unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [R-X-X-S/T]. Binds to and phosphorylates CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-178' and 'Thr-507' and phosphorylation of CDC25C at 'Ser-216' creates binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins which inhibit CDC25A and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76', 'Ser-124', 'Ser-178', 'Ser-279' and 'Ser-293' promotes proteolysis of CDC25A. Inhibition of CDC25 activity leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. Binds to and phosphorylates RAD51 at 'Thr-309', which may enhance the association of RAD51 with chromatin and promote DNA repair by homologous recombination. Binds to and phosphorylates TLK1 at 'Ser-743', which prevents the TLK1-dependent phosphorylation of the chromatin assembly factor ASF1A. This may affect chromatin assembly during S phase or DNA repair. May also phosphorylate multiple sites within the C-terminus of TP53, which promotes activation of TP53 by acetylation and enhances suppression of cellular proliferation.

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

Thermo Scientific Pierce SMCC is a hetero-bifunctional crosslinker that contain N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and maleimide groups that allow covalent conjugation of amine- and sulfhydryl-containing molecules. NHS esters react with primary amines at pH 7–9 to form amide bonds, while maleimides react with sulfhydryl groups at pH 6.5–7.5 to form stable thioether bonds. In aqueous solutions, NHS ester hydrolytic degradation is a competing reaction whose rate increases with pH. The maleimide group is more stable than the NHS-ester group, but will slowly hydrolyze and lose its reaction specificity for sulfhydryls at pH values > 7.5. For these reasons, conjugations with these crosslinkers are usually performed at pH 7.2–7.5, with the NHS ester (amine-targeted) reacted before or simultaneous with the maleimide (sulfhydryl-targeted) reaction.

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IL-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) are important mediators in the signal transduction of Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) family members. The cytoplasmic domains of TIR proteins interact with the adapter protein, MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs (IRAK-1, -2, and M), which in turn interact with other adapter molecules, such as TRAF6 to activate NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Recently, a new member of this family, IRAK-4 has been identified. IRAK-4 may act as an upstream activator of IRAK-1. IRAK-4 is important for LPS activation of TLRS. Mice lacking IRAK-4 are resistant to lethal doses of LPS and are also severely impaired in their responses to viral and bacterial challenges (4, 5). IRAK4, an IRAK type protein kinase, is a signal transducer for the immune response Toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor signaling cascades. IRAK4 has auto- and cross-phosphorylation kinase activity and has been shown to phosphorylate and activate IRAK1. Additionally, IRAK4 interacts with IRAK1 and TRAF6 in an IL-1-dependent manner, and overexpression of IRAK4 can activate NF-kappaB as well as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. IRAK4 (-/-) mice are resistant to a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide and are severely impaired in their responses to viral and bacterial challenges. At least two mRNA transcripts have been reported: 3.0- and 4.4-kb. IRAK4, also referrred to as NY-REN-64, was first identified as an anitgen in a screen of renal tumors.

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Pierce™ Boronic acid resin enables ribonucleotide and oligonucleotide RNA isolation.