14973 Results for: "Sodium+1-hexadecanesulphonate"

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

KREMEN1 Antibody: Kremen (Kringle containing protein marking the eye and the nose) proteins are type I transmembrane proteins that contain extracellular kringle, WSC and CUB domains and an intracellular region without any conserved motifs. Kremens bind a subset of the secreted Dickkopf proteins (Dkk 1, 2, and 4) with high affinity to modulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is transduced by the ternary receptor complex composed of Wnt, Frizzled, and the LDL receptor related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) coreceptor. KREMEN1 is a receptor for the Dickkopf protein which blocks Wnt/beta catenin signaling. It is necessary to ensure normal spatial and temporal patterns of Wnt activity during developmental processes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

NF-κ-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-κ-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively.

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NF-κ-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-κ-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

CRB2 Antibody: CRB2 (Crumbs homolog 2), like its homologs CRB1 and CRB3, is similar to the Drosophila crumbs protein and is expressed in retina, brain and kidney. Along with other proteins, the Crumbs proteins form a complex that help set up cell polarity in developing neuroepithelial cells. At the onset of neural specification, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) upregulate CRB2, which then localizes apically in neural rosettes. Gain- and loss-of-function studies of CRB2 have shown that CRB2 is essential for the stabilization of other polarity proteins. Unlike CRB1, mutations in CRB2 do not appear to play a role in retinitis pigmentosa or in Leber congenital amaurosis.

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Acts as part of the IKK complex in the conventional pathway of NF-κ-B activation and phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-κ-B thus leading to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-κ-B complex and ultimately the degradation of the inhibitor. As part of the non-canonical pathway of NF-κ-B activation, the MAP3K14-activated CHUK/IKKA homodimer phosphorylates NFKB2/p100 associated with RelB, inducing its proteolytic processing to NFKB2/p52 and the formation of NF-κ-B RelB-p52 complexes. Also phosphorylates NCOA3. Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' of histone H3 at NF-κ-B-regulated promoters during inflammatory responses triggered by cytokines.

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The protein encoded by BAD gene is a member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family members are known to be regulators of programmed cell death. This protein positively regulates cell apoptosis by forming heterodimers with BCL-xL and BCL-2, and reversing their death repressor activity. Proapoptotic activity of this protein is regulated through its phosphorylation. Protein kinases AKT and MAP kinase, as well as protein phosphatase calcineurin were found to be involved in the regulation of this protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same isoform.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

PRRT2 Antibody: The proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) contains a proline-rich domain in its N-terminal half and is predominantly expressed in brain and spinal cord in embryonic and postnatal stages. While little is known of the function of this protein, mutations in PRRT2 have been shown to be the causative gene of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, which is characterized by recurrent, brief attacks of abnormal involuntary movements induced by sudden voluntary movements. Recent studies have shown that PRRT2 may also be involved in some forms of benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE), an autosomal dominant epilepsy syndrome.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

PTRF Antibody: The polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) enables the dissociation of paused ternary polymerase I transcription complexes from the 3' end of pre-rRNA transcripts, regulating rRNA transcription by promoting the dissociation of transcription complexes and the re-initiation of polymerase I on nascent rRNA transcripts. PTRF also localizes to caveolae at the plasma membrane and is thought to play a critical role in the formation of caveolae and the stabilization of caveolins, translocating from caveolae to the cytoplasm after insulin stimulation. PTRF is also thought to modify lipid metabolism and insulin-regulated gene expression. Mutations in this gene result in a disorder characterized by generalized lipodystrophy and muscular dystrophy.

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The transient receptor potential (TRP) protein family consists of a diverse group of cation channels functioning in a variety of homeostatic and regulatory pathways. Four subfamilies exist, based on channel domain homology: C type (canonical), V type (vanilloid receptor related), M type (melastatin related) and P type (PKD). TRPV4, belongs to the V type subfamily and plays a role in systemic osmoregulation. TRPV4 is a calcium channel multi-pass membrane protein activated by various stimuli, including thermal stress, fatty acid metabolites and hypotonicity. TRPV4 is highly expressed in lung and kidney and widely expressed in brain. It plays an important role in regulating neural excitability.

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PMSA (FOLH1) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the M28 peptidase family. Three functionally distinct proteins are encoded, including poly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase in the intestine, N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 1 in the brain, and prostate- specific membrane antigen in the prostate. A mutation in the intestinal form may be associated with impaired intestinal absorption of dietary folates, resulting in low blood folate levels and consequent hyperhomocysteinemia. The form expressed in the brain may be involved in a number of pathological conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity. The prostate form is up-regulated in cancerous cells and is used as an effective diagnostic and prognostic indicator of prostate cancer. This gene likely arose from a duplication event of a nearby chromosomal region.

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Dynamin-1 (Dyn1), with 864-amino acid protein (about 95 kDa), belongs to the dynamin family. Dynamin-1 (neuron-specific), dynamin-2 (ubiquitously expressed), and dynamin-3 (expressed only in the testis, brain, and lung), constitute the dynamin family. Members of the dynamin family are GPTase, microtubule-associated proteins which are involved in endocytosis, synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. Dynamin-1 is phosphorylated in nerve terminals exclusively in the cytosolic compartment and in vitro by protein kinase C. Dynamin-1 is a large GTPase enzyme required in membrane constriction and fission during multiple forms of endocytosis. Dynamin-1 is also a key molecule required for the recycling of synaptic vesicles in neurons, and it has been known that dynamin-1 gene expression is induced during neuronal differentiation.

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Biochemically, most members of the CK family fall into one of two classes, type I (acidic polypeptides) and type II (basic polypeptides). The type II cytokeratins consist of basic or neutral proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains coexpressed during differentiation of simple and stratified epithelial tissues. Cytokeratins comprise a diverse group of intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) that are expressed as pairs in both keratinized and non-keratinized epithelial tissue. Cytokeratins play a critical role in differentiation and tissue specialization and function to maintain the overall structural integrity of epithelial cells. Cytokeratins have been found to be useful markers of tissue differentiation which is directly applicable to the characterization of malignant tumors.

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ULK3 belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase superfamily and plays a role in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of target proteins. Knockout of ULK genes results in a severe defect in the autophagy pathway. ULK3, like the other Unc-51-like kinases such as ULK1, ULK2 and ULK4, is highly conserved among eukaryotes. ULK3 has been shown to be a positive regulator of the Hedgehog signaling pathway by enhancing GLI1 and GLI2 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, ULK3 can also interact with SUFU, a protein required for the negative regulation of GLI proteins; this interaction blocks the autophosphorylation of ULK3 and blocks its ability to regulate the GLI proteins.

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Nhe-1 Antibody: The Na+/H+ antiporter (Nhe-1) is a ubiquitous membrane-bound enzyme involved in pH regulation of vertebrate cells and is specifically inhibited by the diuretic drug amiloride and activated by a variety of signals including growth factors, mitogens, neurotransmitters, and tumor promoters. Nhe-1 acts as an anchor for actin filaments to control the integrity of the cortical cytoskeleton. This occurs through a previously unrecognized structural link between Nhe-1 and the actin-binding proteins ezrin, radixin, and moesin, collectively referred to as ERM proteins. A structural role for Nhe-1 has been proposed in regulating the cortical cytoskeleton that is independent of its function as an ion exchanger. It is also thought that Nhe-1 play a role in hypertension. At least two isoforms of Nhe-1 are known to exist.

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The cytokine IL-1 is responsible for initiating a variety of activities through the activation of transcription factors, NF-kappa B and AP-1, thereby promoting host response to injury or infection. IL-1F10 (Interleukin-1 family member 10), also known as FIL1T, IL1HY2 or FKSG75, is highly expressed in the skin, spleen and proliferating B-cells of the tonsil. IL-1F10 binds soluble IL-1 receptor type 1, and is one of nine Interleukin 1 families clustered on chromosome 2, where it is thought to participate in the regulation of adapted and innate immune responses. IL-1F10 and IL-1RN polymorphisms may play an important role in the susceptibility to developing rheumatoid arthritis.

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CD10 is a 100 kDa glycoprotein, also designated Common Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA). It is a cell surface enzyme with neutral metalloendopeptidase activity which inactivates a variety of biologically active peptides. CD10 is expressed on the cells of lymphoblastic, Burkitt’s, and follicular germinal center lymphomas, and on cells from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). It is also expressed on the surface of normal early lymphoid progenitor cells, immature B cells within adult bone marrow and germinal center B cells within lymphoid tissue. CD10 is also present on breast myoepithelial cells, bile canaliculi, fibroblasts, with especially high expression on the brush border of kidney and gut epithelial cells.

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NF-κ-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-κ-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The protein encoded by BAD gene is a member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family members are known to be regulators of programmed cell death. This protein positively regulates cell apoptosis by forming heterodimers with BCL-xL and BCL-2, and reversing their death repressor activity. Proapoptotic activity of this protein is regulated through its phosphorylation. Protein kinases AKT and MAP kinase, as well as protein phosphatase calcineurin were found to be involved in the regulation of this protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same isoform.

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

Pierce™ Fab preparation kits use immobilised papain protease to digest human or mouse IgG antibodies to make separate Fab and Fc fragments and subsequently to purify the Fab using Protein A agarose.

Supplier: Antibodies.com

Human HCN2 ELISA kit is a 90 minutes sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (sELISA) designed for the in vitro quantitative determination of human HCN2 in serum, plasma, and other biological fluids.

Supplier: Antibodies.com

Human HCN4 ELISA kit is a sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (sELISA) designed for the in vitro quantitative determination of human HCN4 in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other biological fluids.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemicals

mCherry antibody is ideal for western blotting. Fluorescent proteins such as Discosoma Red Fluorescent Protein (and its varients), and GFP are widely used in research practice. Both commonly serve as a markers for gene expression and protein localization. DsRed was isolated from sea anemone Discosoma sp. mushroom and GFP is originated from Aequorea victoria jellyfish. As DsRed and GFP share only 19% identity, therefore, in general, anti-GFP antibodies do not recognize DsRed protein and vice versa. Structurally, Discosoma red fluorescent protein is similar to Aequorea green fluorescent protein in terms of its overall fold (a β-can) and chromophore-formation chemistry. However, Discosoma red fluorescent protein undergoes an additional steps in the chromophore maturation and obligates tetrameric structure. All mCherry antibodies have been pre-absorbed to eliminate any potential cross-reactivity to human, mouse and rat serum proteins. The antibodies are also confirmed for non-reactivity to GFP protein.

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CREB1 is a transcription factor that is a member of the bZIP family of DNA binding proteins. It binds as a homodimer to the CRE (cAMP-Responsive Element), an octameric palindrome containing a conserved core sequence, 5-prime-TGACG-3-prime. It consists of two transcript variants encoding respective isoforms produced by alternate splicing. It is mapped to 2q32.3-q34. It is phosphorylated by several protein kinases and induces transcription of genes in response to hormonal stimulation of the cAMP pathway. CREB1 is crucial for the consolidation of long-term conditioned fear memories, but not for encoding, storage, or retrieval of these memories. It is required for the stability of reactivated or retrieved conditioned fear memories.

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FKHR belongs to the forkhead family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a distinct forkhead domain. It may play a role in myogenic growth and differentiation. The mammalian DAF-16-like transcription factors, FKHR, FKHRL1, and AFX, function as key regulators of insulin signaling, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Gene activation through binding to insulin response sequences has been essential for mediating these functions. D-type Cyclins (in Class III) is required for FKHR mediated inhibition of cell cycle progression and transformation. FKHR gene is mapped to chromosome 13q14

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Interferon-g (IFN-gamma) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is central in host resistance to infection. It is mainly produced by natural killer cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, its receptors are found on nearly all cells, where it activates diverse responses that enable potential host cells to prevent invasive infection by bacteria, parasites and viruses. Takayanagi et al. (2000) demonstrated that IFN-gamma strongly suppresses osteoclastogenesis by interfering with the RANKL (602642)-RANK (603499) signaling pathway. Tsubota et al. (1999) reported that this upregulation in Sjogren syndrome patients may be controlled by interferon-gamma through the activation of transcription factor NFKB.

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CXCR4, a Chemokine Receptor involved in organ vascularization, neuronal cell migration, and patterning of the central nervous system during development. It binds stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1, also called PBFS) and mediates migration of resting leukocytes and is unique in homing hematopoietic progenitors to bone marrow. These properties suggest that CXCR4 is involved in tumor cell migration and local tumor invasion. It is also an HIV-1 fusion co-factor that allows HIV-1 invasion in diverse human cell types. Although this receptor was initially called Neuropeptide Y3 Receptor, it does not respond to neuropeptide Y. CXCR4 has two isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing.

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IL-36B is is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family whose gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2. IL-36B is thought to activate the NF-kappaB pathway through IL-1 receptor family members IL-1RL2 and IL-1RAcP. Like the related proteins IL-36A and IL-36G, IL-36B requires post-translational processing for full agonist activity, but the cleavage mechanism is currently unknown. The IL-36 cytokines have been suggested to amplify Th1 responses by enhancing proliferation and Th1 polarization of naive CD4+ T cells.

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Nestin, is a large intermediate filament protein (class Type VI) that was first identified with a monoclonal antibody by Hockfield and McKay (1985). Nestin is expressed predominantly in stem cells of the central nervous system in the neural tube. Nestin is expressed during development and in myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions. Nestin expression is restricted, typically disappearing by E18. Nestin is thought to be a reasonable neuronal marker; however, recent studies have found nestin expression in other cell types such as endothelial cells. Nestin expression is seen in almost all GBMs (Glioblastoma mulitformes) and many melanomas (both primary and metastatic) but not in any metastatic carcinomas. Upon terminal neural differentiation, nestin is downregulated and replaced by neurofilaments.

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GOLGA5 Antibody: GOLGA5 (Golgi autoantigen, subfamily A, member 5), also known as GOLGA84, RFG5 (RET-fused gene 5 protein) or GOLIM5, is a ubiquitously expressed single-pass type II coiled-coil membrane protein that is involved in maintaining Golgi structure. It is localized to the Golgi apparatus and predominantly found on membranes at the cis side of the Golgi stack (1,2). As a mitotic phosphoprotein, GOLGA5 binds to active Rab 1 and associates with CASP (an isoform of CDP) in a golgin-tethering complex that is believed to play a role in intra-Golgi retrograde transport. Defects in GOLGA5 are a cause of thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC).

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Kallikreins (KLKs) belong to the serine protease family of proteolytic enzymes having diverse physiological functions. Kallikrein 4 (KLK4), also known as prostase or EMSP1 (enamel matrix serine protease 1), contains one peptidase S1 domain and the expression in prostate is regulated by hormone (1,2). Many kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. KLK4 may have additional roles such as functioning as one of the two major enamel proteases identified that process enamel matrix proteins. Defects in KLK4 are the cause of amelogenesis imperfecta hypomaturation type 2A1 (AI2A1).